CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF TOOLS

Sharpening of Cutting Tools

•Sharpening Hand Saw
•Sharpening Planes and Chisels
 Sharpening of Cutting Tools
Sharpening of tool is one of the most difficult activities in
hand tool maintenance. It is the process of making their
cutting edge thinner, finer, and keener to be able to function
better as cutting tools.

When sharpening the blades of cutting tools, consider the

following factor:
1. Uniformity of the teeth and not just sharpness of the
points of the teeth
2. The distances between the teeth
3. Size of the saw and its height
4. The number of fillings made
 Sharpening a Hand Saw
Sharpening a saw involves 4 basic operations – top jointing,
shaping, filing, and setting.
1. Top Jointing
This is the process of leveling the teeth of the saw to the same
height. This process is done only when there is a nick in the
teeth. A nick is a recess on the blade of the saw caused by a
missing tooth.
2. Shaping
This is the process of putting back the teeth of the saw into
their proper shapes and sizes. This is done with triangular
file.
3. Filing
This is the actual sharpening of the teeth of a saw. It is done
with a triangular saw file.
4. Setting
This is the operation of bending the teeth slightly outward.
Sharpening Planes and Chisels

 Chisels

 Planes
Questions:
 What are the 4 factors to be consider in
sharpening the blades of cutting tools?

 What are the 4 basic operations of

sharpening a saw?
MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES USED IN
CARPENTRY

Wood
Lumber
Hardware
Finishing Materials
Wood
Wood is the most common materials used in
construction because of its durability, lightweight
with artistic and natural beauty.
Classifications of Wood
 Mode of growth
 Density
 Leaves
 Shades or Colors of wood
 Grain
 Mode of Growth

 Exogenous woods are from trees with stems that grown by the
addition of a annual layer of wood to the outside beneath the bark.

 Endogenous woods are from trees that develop from within.

Say EX if the wood is EXOGENOUS and EN
if it is ENDOGENOUS.

• Mango
• Bamboo
• Avocado
• Sugar cane
• Mahogany
• Narra
• Acasia
Say EX if it is EXOGENOUS and EN if it is
ENDOGENOUS.
• Mango - EX
• Bamboo - EN
• Avocado - EX
• Sugar cane - EX
• Mahogany - EN
• Narra - EN
• Acasia - EX
Density -> refers to the quality of the mass and volume of wood such as:
 Softwood are also known as conifers or evergreen. Distinct annual
rings, straight fibers, light colors, resinous and light weight.

 Harwood are generally deciduous and have broad leaves. Indistinct

annual rings, non-resinous , dark in color and heavy weight.
Leaves
 Needle Shape

 Broad Shape
Tell if it is needle shaped leaves or broad
shaped leave.

• Mango
• Bamboo
• Avocado
• Sugar cane
• Mahogany
• Narra
• Acasia
Tell if it is needle shaped leaves or broad
shaped leave.
• Mango - NSL
• Bamboo - NSL
• Avocado - BSL
• Sugar cane - NSL
• Mahogany - BSL
• Narra - BSL
• Acasia - NSL
 Grain
Straight Grain
Cross Grain

Coarse Grain
Fine Grain
Nature of the surface when sawed –
Plain Grain Figure or marked
 This is the corky outer covering of the tree

Medullary rays – these are rows of

cells running radially from cambium
layer.

Matured and fully developed wood.

Center or heart of a tree trunk

 Lumber

Lumber may be classifies into softwood or hardwood.

It is sold in common unit of measure which is “board feet”.
Plywood is constructed by gluing together a
number of layers of wood with the grain direction
turned at the right angles in successive layers.

Plywood can be secured in thickness of 1/8” to

1” with the common sizes being ¼”, 3/8”, ½”,
5/8”, and ¾”.

Plywood has a standard panel size 4ft. wide by 8

ft. long. (4ft. x 8 ft.)
Specifications of the lumber that are prepared and sold according
to the size and smoothness description are as follows:

1. Surfaced or dressed lumber – This is a planned lumber having at least one smooth side.
2. S2S:S4S – S2S means smooth on two sides and S4S means smooth on four sides.
3. Timber – This is a piece of lumber five inches or larger in its smallest dimension.
4. Plant – This is a wide piece of lumber from two to five inches thick.
5. Board –This board is a piece of lumber less than 1 ½ inches thick and at least 4 inches wide.
6. K.D. – Kiln dried
7. RL – Rough lumber with specific measurement
8. T & G –Tongue and groove on the edge of the wood.
9. B.M. – Board measure
10. AW and AL – All widths and all lengths.
The formulas on how to compute for the board feet are as
follows:

1. If the length is given in feet

No. of pieces x thickness (inches) x width (inches) x length (feet)

Board feet =
12

Example: Compute for the board feet of 4 pieces in 1 inch thick, 12

inches wide, and 12 feet long S4S lumber.

4 pieces x 1 inch x 12 inches x 12 feet

Board feet =
12

Board feet = 48
The formulas on how to compute for the board feet are as
follows:

2. If the length is given in linear or running inches:

No. of pieces x thickness (inches) x width (inches) x length (feet)

Board feet =
144

Example: Compute for the board feet of 4 pieces in 1 inch thick, 12

inches wide, and 144 inches long S4S lumber.

4 pieces x 1 inch x 12 inches x 12 feet

Board feet =
144

Board feet = 4
Hardware
Nails
Screws
Fasteners
Nails are made of iron, steel, copper, bronze,
aluminum, and stainless that have special
coatings of zinc, cement, or resin.
Common nails
Box nails
Casing nails
Screws
Fasteners
Finishing Materials
Shellac
Varnish
Paint
Lacquer
Stain
Shellac
Varnish
Paint
Lacquer
Stain
 Assessment:

In your big notebook, compute the board beet of the following:

1. Compute for the board feet of 12 pieces in 3 inches thick, 12

inches wide, and 144 inches long S4S lumber.
2. Compute for the board feet of 24 pieces in 2 inches thick, 24
inches wide, and 12 feet long S2S lumber.
3. Compute for the board feet of 10 pieces in 1 ½ inches thick, 2
feet wide and 12 inches long S2S lumber.

Note: 1 foot = 12 inches