Metallurgy and material

science engineering
DEPARTMENT OF PRODUCTION ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT - 2

G.PRABHALIKA
114118033
PROD-A
FERRITE
Ferrite, a ceramic-like material with magnetic properties that
are useful in many types of electronic devices. Ferrites are
hard, brittle, iron-containing, and generally gray or black and
are polycrystalline—i.e., made up of a large number of small
crystals. They are composed of iron oxide and one or more bination.
other metals in chemical combination.
ferrite is usually described by the formula M(FexOy), where M
represents any metal that forms divalent bonds, such as any
of the elements mentioned earlier. Nickel ferrite, for instance,
is NiFe2O4, and manganese ferrite is MnFe2O4; both are
spinel minerals. The garnet mineral known as YIG,
containing the rare-earth element yttrium, has the formula
Y3Fe5O12; it is used in microwave circuitry. The most familiar
ferrite, known since biblical times, is magnetite (lodestone, or
ferrous ferrite), Fe(Fe2O4). Ferrites exhibit a form of
magnetism called ferrimagnetism (q.v.), which is
distinguished from the ferromagnetism of such materials as
iron, cobalt, and nickel. In ferrites the magnetic
moments of constituent atoms align themselves in two or
three different directions.
 PEARLITE

• Pearlite is a two-phased, lamellar (or layered) structure

composed of alternating layers of ferrite (87.5 wt%)
and cementite (12.5 wt%) that occurs in
some steels and cast irons. During slow cooling of an
iron-carbon alloy, pearlite forms by a eutectoid reaction
as austenite cools below 727 °C (1,341 °F) (the eutectoid
temperature). Pearlite is a microstructure occurring in
many common grades of steels.
The eutectoid composition of austenite is approximately
0.76% carbon; steel with less carbon content
. contain a corresponding
(hypoeutectoid steel) will
proportion of relatively pure ferrite crystallites that do not
participate in the eutectoid reaction and cannot transform
into pearlite. Likewise steels with higher carbon content
(hypereutectoid steels) will form cementite before reaching
the eutectoid point. The proportion of ferrite and cementite
forming above the eutectoid point can be calculated from
the iron/iron—carbide equilibrium phase diagram using
the lever rule
 AUSTENITE
• Austenite, also known as gamma-phase iron (γ-Fe),
is a metallic, non-magnetic allotrope of iron or a solid
solution of iron, with an alloying element.[1] In plain-
carbon steel, austenite exists above the
critical eutectoid temperature of 1000 K (727 °C);
other alloys of steel have different eutectoid
temperatures. The austenite allotrope is named after
Sir William Chandler Roberts-Austen (1843–
1902);[2] it exists at room temperature in stainless
steel.
•
Austenitization means to heat the iron, iron-based
metal, or steel to a temperature at which it changes
crystal structure from ferrite to austenite.[3] The more
open structure of the austenite is then able to absorb
carbon from the iron-carbides in carbon steel. An
incomplete initial austenitization can leave
undissolved carbides in the matrix.[4]
• For some iron metals, iron-based metals, and steels,
the presence of carbides may occur during the
austenitization step. The term commonly used for this
is two-phase austenitization.[
 BAINITE
• Bainite is a plate-like microstructure that forms in steels at
temperatures of 125–550 °C (depending on alloy it is one of
the products that may form when austenite (the face centered
cubic crystal structure of iron) is cooled past a temperature
where it no longer is thermodynamically stable with respect to
ferrite, cementite, or ferrite and cementite. Davenport and
Bain originally described the microstructure as being similar in
appearance to tempered martensite.
• A fine non-lamellar structure, bainite commonly consists
of cementite and dislocation-rich ferrite. The large density of
dislocations in the ferrite present in bainite, and the fine size
of the bainite platelets, makes this ferrite harder than it
normally would be.[3][4]
• The temperature range for transformation of austenite to
bainite (125–550 °C) is between those for pearlite and
martensite. In fact, there is no fundamental lower limit to the
bainite-start temperature.[1][5] When formed during continuous
cooling, the cooling rate to form bainite is more rapid than
that required to form pearlite, but less rapid than is required to
form martensite (in steels of the same composition). Most
alloying elements .
TROOSITE
• Troosite is formed when martensite is warmed to
about 400˚C. It is lower in hardness and
brittleness than martensite. Sorbite is formed by
rapid cooling of steel heated to above 400˚C. It is
softer and more ductile than troosite
• Laminar structure with a fan shaped arrangement
of the layers ,mat be observed using elactron
microscopy
LEDEBURITE
• iron and steel metallurgy, ledeburite is a mixture of
4.3% carbon in iron and is a eutectic mixture
of austenite and cementite. Ledeburite is not a type
of steel as the carbon level is too high although it may
occur as a separate constituent in some high carbon
steels. It is mostly found with cementite or pearlite in a
range of cast irons. Ledeburite arises when the carbon
content is between 2.06% and 6.67%. The eutectic
mixture of austenite and cementite is 4.3% carbon,
Fe3C:2Fe, with a melting point of 1147 °C.
• Ledeburite-II (at ambient temperature) is composed of
cementite-I with recrystallized secondary cementite
(which separates from austenite as the metal cools)
and (with slow cooling) of pearlite. The pearlite results
from the eutectoidal decay of the austenite that comes
from the ledeburite-I at 723 °C. During more rapid
cooling, bainite can develop instead of pearlite, and
with very rapid cooling martensite can develop
 MARTENSITE
• Martensite is formed in carbon steels by the rapid cooling
(quenching) of the austenite form of iron at such a high rate
that carbon atoms do not have time to diffuse out of the
crystal structure in large enough quantities to
form cementite (Fe3C). Austenite is γ-Fe, (gamma-phase
iron), a solid solution of iron and alloying elements. As a
result of the quenching, the face-centered cubic austenite
transforms to a highly strained body-centered
tetragonal form called martensite that
is supersaturated with carbon. The shear deformations that
result produce a large number of dislocations, which is a
primary strengthening mechanism of steels. The highest
hardness of a pearlitic steel is 400 Brinell whereas
martensite can achieve 700 Brinell.[2]
• The martensitic reaction begins during cooling when the
austenite reaches the martensite start temperature (Ms)
and the parent austenite becomes mechanically unstable.
As the sample is quenched, an increasingly large
percentage of the austenite transforms to martensite until
the lower transformation temperature Mf is reached, at
which time the transformation is completed.[1]