INTELLIGENT BUILDING

HVAC System Control & Optimization

Presented by:
Md Sadique Jameel
Shahab Saquib
Ali Reza Akshay Chowdhary
M. Arch. Sem-III Presented to:
Building Services(2018-2020) Ar. Mushahid Anwar
Energy Consumption in HVAC Systems
Other
5%

Boiler plant
35
%

Air-handling system
HVAC system detail

25
%
Chilled water plant

35
%
The Three Laws of HVAC System Optimization

You cannot optimize what you cannot measure.

• Data collection via fully integrated sensor and meter
network
• All relevant mechanical components tracked in real time

Optimize systems, not just individual components.

• Holistic, system-based energy optimization
• Ensures peak efficiency of entire heating and
cooling system

Optimization must be automatic, dynamic, and continuous.

• Real-time dynamic process

• Closed-loop system: does not require operator
intervention
Approach- On-Premise Real-Time Dynamic Commissioning (RTDC)
Chiller Plant Efficiency Scale

• The kW/ton figure reflects the efficiency of the chiller plant regardless of the
amount of cooling produced.

Average annual chilled water plant efficiency in kW/ton.

Input includes: chillers, tower fans, condenser pumps, and chilled water pumping.
 Chilled Water System Optimization

• Patented relational control algorithms

• Automatically and continuously optimize plant
performance in real time
• Dynamically adapt to yield the lowest energy draw while
meeting availability requirements
• Flexible implementation: e.g., ability to start with
cooling towers
 Air-Handling System Optimization

• Continuous optimization of DDC variable air volume

handlers
• Automatically adjust airflow to deliver precise output
• Minimize fan power, chilled water, and heating energy
consumption
• Supplies cooling load from most efficient source based
on real-time conditions
 Boiler Plant Optimization

• Continuously calculates the most efficient operation of

boilers and pumps
• Demand-based relational control algorithms optimize
hot water and steam systems
 Cloud-Based M&V: Real-Time Transparency

• Robust, interactive data visualization with dynamic charting

• Anytime, anywhere access to performance and energy
savings
• Intelligent operations management for facility operators
Holistic HVAC System Optimization: A Platform Approach
HVAC AUTOMATIC CONTROL
• Maintain environmental quality
Thermal comfort
Indoor air quality
Material protection
• Conserve energy
• Protect equipment
Direct
Closed Loop or Feedback
• Sensor
– Measures quantity of interest
• Controller
– Interprets sensor data
• Controlled device
– Changes based on controller output
Indirect
Open Loop or Feedforward
HVAC CONTROL SYSTEM
Thermal sensors:
• Strategically-placed thermal sensors can detect the differences in conditions in
each zone of your space.
• For example, a crowded conference room can get warm in a hurry, while an
open office area with high ceilings can get chilly (since warm air rises and people
are closer to the floor).
• A smart HVAC system uses that data to adjust to changing conditions
throughout the day or week.
CO2 sensors:
• According to a recent study by Harvard School of Public Health, high CO2 levels
in a building can have a direct negative impact on thinking and decision making.
• CO2 sensors can detect the levels of CO2 gas in a space, which can increase to
undesirable levels as occupancy increases. When the threshold is reached, a
smart HVAC system can increase levels of fresh air supplied to the space. This
technology can have a significant impact on workforce wellbeing.
HVAC CONTROL SYSTEM
Occupancy sensors:
• Occupancy sensors are useful for office environments that don’t have uniform
usage all the time.
• While HVAC system consumes anywhere from 40 to 70 percent of your building’s
energy usage, electricity for lighting is also a huge expense. That figure can be 25
percent or more.
• In addition to controlling a smart HVAC system, occupancy sensors also control
lighting to further reduce lighting costs.

Demand Controlled Ventilation (DCV) :

• This smart HVAC technology that lets you fine tune building conditions based
on input from occupancy sensors.
• When utilization levels drop below design-based occupancy rates, this
specialized ventilation equipment reduces your outdoor air intake which
decreases energy usage.
DEMAND CONTROLLED VENTILATION (DCV)
TWO-POSITION CONTROL SYSTEMS

• Used in small, relatively simple systems

• Controlled device is on or off

• It is a switch, not a valve

• Good for devices that change slowly

MODULATING CONTROL SYSTEMS
Example: Heat exchanger control Electric (pneumatic) motor
Modulating (Analog) control
• Used in larger systems
• Output can be anywhere in Position (x)
fluid
operating range
• Three main types
a)Proportional b) PI c)PID Volume flow rate
Vfluid = f(x) - linear or exponential function

Cooling coil

air

water

(set point temperature)

P Controllers

A proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID controller. or three-term

controller) is a control loop mechanism employing feedback that is widely used
in industrial control systems and a variety of other applications requiring
continuously modulated control.

Always have an offset

But, require less tuning than other controllers
Very appropriate for things that change slowly
i.e. building internal temperature
Issues with PI Controllers
Scheduling issues
Require more tuning than for P
But, no offset

Proportional + Integral + Derivative (PID)

A proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID controller. or three-term
controller) is a control loop mechanism employing feedback that is widely used
in industrial control systems and a variety of other applications requiring
continuously modulated control.

• Improvement over PI because of faster response and less deviation from

offset
• Increases rate of error correction as errors get larger
• But
• HVAC controlled devices are too slow responding
• Requires setting three different gains
Proportional + Integral + Derivative (PID)

A proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID controller. or three-term

controller) is a control loop mechanism employing feedback that is widely used
in industrial control systems and a variety of other applications requiring
continuously modulated control.

Improvement over PI because of faster response and less deviation from offset
Increases rate of error correction as errors get larger
But
HVAC controlled devices are too slow responding
Requires setting three different gains
The Real World

50% of US buildings have control problems

90% tuning and optimization
10% faults
25% energy savings from correcting control problems
Commissioning is critically important

• Measure what you want to control

• Verify that sensors are working
• Integrate control system components
• Tune systems
• Measure performance
HVAC Control
Example 1:
Economizer (fresh air volume flow rate control)

Controlled device is damper

fresh
damper air - Damper for the air
- Valve for the liquids

mixing
recirc.
air

T & RH sensors
Economizer
% fresh air
Fresh air volume flow rate control
enthalpy 100%

Fresh
(outdoor)
TOA (hOA)
Minimum for
damper air ventilation

mixing
Recirc.
air

T & RH sensors
Economizer – cooling regime
How to control the fresh air volume flow rate?
If TOA < Tset-point → Supply more fresh air than the minimum required

The question is how much? % fresh air

Open the damper for the fresh air

100%
and compare the Troom with the Tset-point .
Open till you get the Troom = Tset-point
Minimum for
If you have 100% fresh air and your ventilation
still need cooling use cooling coil.

What are the priorities:

- Control the dampers and then the cooling coils or
- Control the valves of cooling coil and then the dampers ?

Defend by SEQUENCE OF OERATION

the set of operation which HVAC designer provides to the automatic control engineer
Economizer – cooling regime

Example of SEQUENCE OF OERATIONS:

If TOA < Tset-point open the fresh air damper the maximum position

Then, if Tindoor air < Tset-point start closing the cooling coil valve

If cooling coil valve is closed and T indoor air < Tset-point start closing the damper
till you get T indoor air = T set-point

Other variations are possible

HVAC Control
Example 2:
Dew point control (Relative Humidity control)

fresh filter cooling heating

damper filter
air
fan coil coil

mixing

T & RH sensors

Heat gains
Humidity generation

We should supply air with lower humidity ratio (w) and lower temperature

We either measure Dew Point directly or T & RH sensors substitute dew point sensor
Relative humidity control by cooling coil

Cooling Coil

Mixture

Room
Supply

TDP Heating coil

Relative humidity control by cooling coil (CC)

Cooling coil is controlled by TDP set-point

if TDP measured > TDP set-point → send the signal to open more the CC valve
if TDP measured < TDP set-point → send the signal to close more the CC valve

• Heating coil is controlled by Tair set-point

if Tair < Tair set-point → send the signal to open more the heating coil valve
if Tair > Tair set-point → send the signal to close more the heating coil valve

Control valves
Fresh air

mixing

cooling heating
coil coil

Tair & TDP sensors