Analog Filters

And their application in frequency

selective amplifiers
Filters:- Filters are networks that process signals in a
frequency dependent manner.
Depending on the type of components used a filter can be classified into two
types-
• Passive filters
• Active filters

Passive Filters –
Elements which can store dissipate or maintain energy but cannot
generate gain
are called passive elements.
Passive filters use Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors.

Active Filters-
Active elements produce energy in the form of current or voltage.
they usually need external power supply to operate.
Active filters employ transistors and op amps in addition to R,L,C.
There are two basic filters :-

a) Low Pass Filter:- A low pass filter is a filter that

passes signals with a frequency lower than the
selected cut off frequency and attenuates the
signals with higher than that cut off frequency.

b) High Pass filter:- :- A high pass filter is a filter that

passes signals with a frequency higher than the
selected cut off frequency and attenuates the
signals with lower than that cut off frequency.
• If the low pass and high pass filter are cascaded then it
becomes a Band Pass filter.

Band Pass filter:- A band pass filter is a filter allows a

certain band of frequencies to pass which are between
higher and lower cut off frequencies.

• A complement of band pass filter is the band reject filter.

Band Reject ( Notch) Filter:- A band reject filter is the filter

which blocks the frequencies between higher and lower
frequencies and allows other frequencies to pass.
Idealized filter responses
BUT

The idealized filters defined above cannot be easily

built. The transition from pass band to the stop band
will not be instantaneous, but instead there will be a
transition region. Stop band attenuation will not be
infinite.
Consider this Figure.
Now defining few terminologies based on the figure.

•The Cut off frequency (Fc) is the frequency at which the

response leaves the error band.
•The stop band frequency(Fs) is the frequency at which
minimum attenuation in the stop band is reached.
• The pass band ripple (Amax) is the variation (error band)
in the pass band response.
• The minimum pass band attenuation (Amin) defines the
minimum signal attenuation within the stop
band.
Transfer function representation of the Passive filters

A) First Order Low Pass filter:-

Now we are plotting 20log10( H(jw) ) vs log10(w/wc)
B) First Order High Pass filter