CITATION STYLES

REPORTER 8
ZION MARC O. OBERA
JOEY D. ABUNAS
JONEL L. LEGASPI
Citation Style
Guide
Reference

 An important part of a research paper.

 It must be consistent and easy to read across different papers.
 There are predefined styles stating how to set them out these are
called citation styles.
 Different subjects prefer to use different styles.
 Referencing is a method used t demonstrate to the readers that
you/we conducted a thorough and appropriate literature search
and reading.
Example of Citation Styles
APA (American Psychological
Association)

 Is an author/date-based style. This means emphasis is placed on the

author and the date of a piece of work to uniquely identify it.
 Is most often applied by the arts and humanities, particularly in the
USA.
 It is arguably the most well used of all the citation styles.
 The MLA system uses in-text rather than footnotes or endnotes.
 The citation in-text are very brief, usually just the author’s family
name and a relevant page number.
In-text citation

The University of Waikato

released handout on how to use APA
reference format
Direct Quotation Numbers

Use quotation marks around the quote

and include page numbers
Samovar and Porter (1997) point out
that “ language involves attaching
meaning to symbols” (Samovar &
Porter, 1997, p. 188)
Indirect quotation/Paraphrasing

No quotation marks
Attaching meaning to symbols is
considered to be the origin of
written language ( Samovar &
Porter, 1997).
Citations from a Secondary Source

As hall ( 1997 ) asserts, “culture also

defines boundaries of different
groups (as cited in Samovar &
Porter, 1997, p. 14
APA EXAMPLES OF REFERENCES BY TYPE
MLA (Modern Language
Association)
 Is often applied by the arts and humanities, particularly
in the USA. It is arguably the most well used of all of the
citation styles.
 The MLA systems uses in-text citations rather than
footnotes or endnotes. The citations in-text are very brief,
usually just the author’s family name and a relevant
page number. These citations correspond to the full
references in the list of works cited at the end of the
document (Monash University)
 In-text
citations are used when directly
quoting or paraphrasing a source. They
are located in the body of the work and
contain a fragment of the full citation.
Reference lists are located at the end of
the work and display full citations for
sources used in the assignment.
MLA EXAMPLES OF REFERENCES BY TYPE
Harvard
 Is very similar to APA. Where APA is primarily used in the
USA, Harvard referencing is the most well used
referencing style in the UK and Australia, and is
encouraged for use with the humanities.
 Harvard is a style of referencing, primarily used by
university students, to cite information sources. It is the
preferred referencing style for many disciplines of study
at the University of Western Australia.
 It is an author- date referencing style. The Harvard
citation style can vary in minor features such as
punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations, and the use
of italics
In-text citations
 If the author’s name is mentioned in the sentence, only cite the
page number.
 If the author’s name is not mentioned in the sentence, cite both the
name and the page number.
 Font and capitalization must match that in the reference list.
 Long quotations (more than three lines) should be indented.
 If you are citing two works by the same author, put a comma after
the author’s name and add title words, (Boholano, “Fractiliti” 23) t
distinguish between them in the in-text citation. Do this when citing
each of the sources throughout the piece of writing
 If two authors have the same surname, use their first initial (H.
Boholano 65)
List of Works Cited
 the recommended heading for the reference list is Works
Cited, which should be centered.
 Each reference should be formatted with double-spacing
and a hanging indent.
 Capitalize the first word of the title or subtitle, and all other
significant words.
 Author’s names should be listed with full forenames if known.
 The name of the first author is inverted to list the list family
name first. If there are additional authors their names are not
invented.
 If you cite more than one work by the same author, give the
names in the first entry only. Thereafter, use three hyphens
instead of the name.
HARVARD EXAMPLES OF REFERENCES
BY TYPE
Chicago and Turabian
 These are two separate styles but are very similar , just
like Harvard and APA. These are widely used for history
and economics.
 Most of the education researches and social science
researches used American Psychological Association (
APA ) referencing. APA requires that information be
cited in different ways— within the text and in a
reference list at the end of the paper.
 The reference list should be on a new page, double
spaced, and use the hanging indent method ( all lines
after the first one are indented).
CHICAGO EXAMPLES OF REFERENCES
BY TYPE
Vancouver
The Vancouver System is
mainly used in medical and
scientific papers.
VENCOUVER EXAMPLES OF REFERENCES BY
TYPE
THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ACTIVE
PARTICIPATION!