 Yesterday we discuss about the

Refresh cathode rays

Plasma panel display
Liquid Crystal Display
 Raster Graphic System
Random Graphic System
 Frame Buffer
 We use any area of system memory
 Area in which read information and and
refresh display
 Video controller access the frame buffer to
refresh the screen.
 Raster Scan processer use co-processer
facilitate the main job of cpu.
 If we don’t have cpu then all the work can
done by processer.
 Monitor all display related activities.
If there is black and white picture then
there is only one bit required to store ‘0’ for black or
1 for white and in this case buffer
will be referred as bitmap.

In colour pictures obviously multiple bits are

required for
each pixel position depending on the possible
number of colours for example to show 256
colours 8 bits will be required for each pixel and in
case if multiple bits are used for one
pixel frame buffer will be referred as pixmap.
The drawing is done in a line-by-line fashion.
After drawing each line from left to right it
reaches at the
left end of the next line to draw next line;
which is called horizontal retrace. Similarly
after completing all lines in horizontal fashion
it again reaches the top left corner to start
redrawing the image (that is for refreshing)
and this is called vertical retrace. Normally
each vertical retrace takes 1/60 th of a second
to avoid flickering.
There are two further methods to scan the
image: interlaced and non-interlaced. In
interlaced display beam completes scanning
in two passes. In one pass only odd lines
are drawn and in the second pass even lines
are drawn. Interlacing provides effect of
double refresh rate by completing half of
the lines in half of the time. Therefore, in
systems with low refresh rates interlacing
helps avoid flickering.
All inract with serial bus cpu io devices system memory intract with serial bus.
Video controller use system memory receive information form system memory
And result or display show on moniter
Working of video controller to facilitate of image.
Monochrome Adapter

The simplest and the first available adapter is

MA. This adapter can display only text in
single color and has no graphics displaying
capability. Originally this drawback only
prevented the users from playing video games,
but today, even the most serious business
software uses graphics and color to great
advantage. Hence, MA is no longer suitable,
though it offers clarity and high resolution.
Hercules Adapter

The Hercules card emulates the monochrome adapter

but also operates in a graphics mode. Having graphics
capabilities the Hercules card became somewhat of a
standard for monochrome systems.
Hercules Adapter not produce colour. Only work in
Black & white.
Color Graphics Adapter
This adapter can display text as well as graphics. In
text mode it operates in 25 rows by 80 column mode
with 16 colors. In graphics mode two resolutions are
available:
Medium resolution graphics mode 320 * 200 with 4
colors available from palette of 16 colors
and 640 * 200 with 2 colors