CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

CULTURE AND
PSYCHOLOGY
OBJECTIVES

DEFINE OUTLINE THE PROVIDE DELINEATE THE SUMMARIZE THE

PSYCHOLOGY HISTORY OF CONTEMPORARY AREAS OF CAREERS IN
AND ITS SCOPE WESTERN AND PERSPECTIVE OF RESEARCH PSYCHOLOGY
ASIAN PSYCHOLOGY
PSYCHOLOGY
WHAT DO WE
KNOW ABOUT
PSYCHOLOGY
It is the study of the mind
that focuses on behavior and
mental processes.
 TRUE OR FALSE
Psychology began in the United States
 TRUE OR FALSE
The functionalist used introspection to
analyze human experience.
 TRUE OR FALSE
Watson pioneered behaviorism.
 TRUE OR FALSE
The structuralist focused on analyzing the
structure of the human mind in its basic
building blocks
 TRUE OR FALSE
The evolutionary perspective explains one’s
behavior by looking into physiology and
brain activity.
 True or False
Psychoanalytic theory focused on inner
conflicts and unconscious forces.
 HISTORICAL ORIGINS

PERSPECTIVE FIGURE(S) MAJOR CONCEPTS

STRUCTURALISM WILHELM WUNDT; STUDY OF THE HUMAN MIND AND
EDWARD TITCHENER CONSCIOUSNESS THROUGH
INTROSPECTION
FUNCTIONALISM WILLIAM JAMES FUNCTION OF HUMAN MIND IS
SURVIVAL
GESTALT MAX WERTHEIMER MEANINGFUL AND HOLISTIC
PSYCHOANALYSIS SIGMUND FREUD INTERNAL CONFLICTS, MOTIVES, AND
UNCONSCIOUS
BEHAVIORISM IVAN PAVLOV; OVERT AND OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR
JOHN WATSON; IN RESPONSE TO EXTERNAL STIMULI
B.F. SKINNER
HUMANISM ABRAHAM MASLOW; HUMAN SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCES,
CARL ROGERS SELF-REALIZATION, POTENTIAL, AND
IDEALS
 CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES

PERSPECTIVE MAJOR CONCEPTS

BIOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND BEHAVIOR

EVOLUTIONARY GENETIC PREDISPOSITION DETERMINE BEHAVIOR AND MENTAL PROCESSES

BEHAVIORAL EXTERNAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FORCES AFFECT BEHAVIOR

COGNITIVE MENTAL PROCESSES INVOLVE IN BEHAVIOR

PSYCHODYNAMIC UNCONSCIOUS NEEDS, THOUGHTS, NEEDS, AND DESIRES AFFECT HUMAN

BEHAVIOR

HUMANISTIC POSITIVE QUALITIES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR THAT IS CAPABLE OF ACTUALIZING

NEEDS

SOCIOCULTURAL ROLE OF SOCIAL INTERACTIONS AND CULTURE IN BEHAVIOR

ECCLECTIC INTEGRATION OF DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES

 ACTIVITY
Anna doesn’t like going to school. What
might each perspective say on Anna?
ASIAN PSYCHOLOGY: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION

ANCIENT PSYCHOLOGICAL CONCEPTS

 Lao Tze and Confucius discussed intelligence, mental
ability, emotional management, etc.
 Keju was conducted to select individuals fit for civil
service positions
 Hinduism (religion) is similar to the underpinning of
humanistic perspective
DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA
 Christian missionaries introduced psychology
 Yunpei Cai and Daqi Chen were pioneers
 Sino-Japanese war and Chinese Civil War
delayed the progress of Psychology
 Open-door policy promoted growth of
psychology
DEVELOPMENT IN JAPAN
 Meiji Restoration
 Amane Nishi’s Shinrigaku (the study of the mind)
 Yujira Motora founded contemporary Psychology
 Matatoro Matsumoto influenced Experimental
Psychology
―Japanese Psychological Association
 World War II marked the end of Psychology
RESEARCH
AREA FOCUS
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY STUDY OF CHANGES THROUGHOUT HUMAN LIFESPAN
BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSIOLOGY AND
PSYCHOLOGY
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION SENSES ORGANIZES STIMULI
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING
PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY ENDURING TRAITS AND DIFFERENCES
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY SOCIAL CONTEXT INFLUENCE HUMAN BEHAVIOR
CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY CULTURAL PRACTICES AFFECT THE PSYCHE
PSYCHOMETRICS TESTING AND ASSESSMENT
CAREERS IN PSYCHOLOGY

• Applied Professional Psychology: Uses

psychological knowledge and principle to help solve
problems.
• Models of Training in Psychology:
1. Scientist-practitioner Model
2. Practitioner-Scholar
3. Clinical Science Model
CULTURE AND
PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 2: Research Methods and
Statistics
THE SCIENTIFIC
METHOD
Selecting phenomena
Formulating hypothesis
Testing hypothesis
Evaluating evidence
Reporting findings
 WHAT RESEARCH TYPE?
Uses interviews and/or questionnaires
collecting information regarding opinions,
attitudes, belies
 WHAT RESEARCH TYPE?
A careful observation without interfering
the subject’s natural setting.
 What research type?
A controlled study that involves careful
manipulation of variables.
 What research type?
A study on relationships among two or more
variables.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
 Naturalistic Observation target behavior is observed
naturally
 Case Study in-depth investigation of an individual (or a
small group of people)
 Survey provides information on different aspects of
behavior and mental processes through interview and
questionnaires
 Correlational Studies examines systematic
relationships among two or more variables
 Experiments careful manipulation of variables that are
believed to have influence over another variable
MAKING SENSE OF DATA
Overview on Basic Statistics
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
ORGANIZES AND SUMMARIZES DATA

1. Measures of Central Tendency average

response of a sample
e.g., mean, median, mode
2. Measures of Variability differences among
responses
e.g., range, interquartile range, standard
deviation
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
INTERPRETATES DATA AND DRAWS CONCLUSION

Example:

You want to study the effect of listening to music on a

person’s cognitive ability. After the experiment, the
result in the experiment condition scored an average of
80 out of 100, while those in control group scored an
average of 88 out of 100.
 Advantage
PSYCHOLOGICAL Creates an equivalent ground for direct and
objective comparison between East and West
RESEARCH IN THE
ASIAN CONTEXT Disadvantage
May not be able to capture Asian worldview and
philosophy.
 CULTURE AND
PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 3: PHILOSOPHICAL ROOTS OF ASIAN
PSYCHOLOGY
WHAT IS ASIAN PSYCHOLOGY
Significant Presence Some Presence Little or No Presence
Japan Philippines Afghanistan
Hong Kong Malaysia Myanmar
India Bangladesh Bhutan
China Thailand Maldives
South Korea Indonesia Nepal
Taiwan Brunei
Singapore
The Under-representation
of Asia in Psychology

 Research in native language is not generally

recognized
 Western psychology subscribes to logical
positivism and Cartesian Dualism
Asian Philosophy and
Epistemology

• Asian philosophy and epistemology is

holistic
• Existence of a self-regulating physical
universe to maintain homeostasis
• Example:
Chinese health is holistic and make causal
attributions of their attitudes and belief.
Hinduism believes on Ayurveda (the unity
of the physical, mental, and spiritual
health)
 • Wilbur (1993) classified
consciousness into three levels:
Consciousness: 1. Ego Level: self-image
2. Existential Level: soma
East and West and psyche (total
organism)
3. Level of the Mind:
mystical consciousness
• Western Psychology has
confined its investigation to the
ego level of consciousness.
• Eastern Psychology
encompasses three levels.
Four Directions of
Looking In:
Asian Psychology by 1. From Without
Ward (2007) 2. From Within

Looking Back: Limiting it is to

discriminately apply Western
models in non-Western setting Looking Back: Looking Forward:
Looking In: Attempt to understand 1. Replication Studies Bringing indigenized
culture on its own terms 2. Meta-analysis of psychologies onto
replications world stage
Looking Out: Placing indigenous
psychology for testing and
verification.
Looking Forward: Impact of Looking Out:
globalization in understanding one Bringing indigenized
another psychologies onto world
stage
 Transformation and Transcendence vs
Ego Development
PHILOSPHICAL Views material world as illusory and believes that
the process of self-realization involves
ROOTS OF transcending the material
ASIAN The ego is the center of personality whereby
confusing ones identity with one’s social role; lies
PSYCHOLOGY as the root cause of distress. But it is the first
step to ego transcendence.
 Spirituality
Gives meaning to life and drives one
PHILOSOPHICAL toward self-transcendence. A more
ROOTS OF expansive term than religion, which is
only one of its manifestations.
ASIAN E.g., Reciting sacred text, Meditation,
PSYCHOLOGY Renunciation of the material world, and
Mauna (silence), and Celibacy
HOW IS SPIRITUALITY CELEBRATED?
Spirituality
Chinese Heritage
1. The belief in fatalistic determinism and
reincarnation or karma.
2. Traditional values attached to filial piety and
ensuing practice of ancestral worship
3. Implicit recognition of the co-existence of the
world of the living, an the world of the spirits,
and their inter-permeability
4. The mutuality of polarities and the
interrelationship between metal, wood, fire,
and earth Yulan Festival Celebration
5. The unity of man and nature and the
inseparability of the mind, body, and spirit.
 Japan
• Spirituality is evidence by the awe-inspiring objects
of nature. (e.g., Hana-mi celebrates the blossoming
of the cherry tree)

Spirituality • Shintoism (Kanji Characters: Divine and The Path)

shrines is known as the realm of the sacred, which
includes gods, mythical figures, and human
ancestors
• Mahayana Buddhism is another expression of
spirituality among Japanese
• Spirituality in Japan is
expressed in customs like
Chado (Way of Tea) which
blends religion,
philosophy, ethics, and
aesthetics.
Spirituality
Philippines
• The only Asian country with a predominantly Catholic population (Goh &
Studies, I. of S.A., 2005).
• Religious faith encompasses a wealth of formal and informal options for
seeking God’s help, guidance, and miracles from private prayers to public
processions (Mulder, 1997).
• Filipino value on bahala na
• Traditional healing practices, which are connected to indigenous health
practices and most likely intertwined with Catholicism, including visits to
faith healers (who may or may not be Catholic) or attendances at healing
masses offered by the Catholic Church.
 India
Spirituality • Multiple beliefs and practices on Hinduism,
Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism.
• Synthesis of psychology and philosophy
• Predisposed towards action that permeates
the masses
• Each day is dedicated to one deity.
• The biggest celebration is the Festival of
Kumbh
ASIAN PHILOSOPHY:
CONFUCIANISM

ETHICS
• Benevolence (Ren)
• Righteousness (Yi)
• Propriety (Li)
• Wisdom (Zhi)
(君子) Gentleman
• Filial Piety (Xiao)
• Loyalty (Zhong)
• Brotherly Love (Ti)
• Trustworthiness (Xin)
ASIAN PHILOSOPHY:
CONFUCIANISM

DYADIC RELATIONSHIP (WU LUN)

• The junior partners owe strong service and reverence to the senior partners, and the
senior partners owe care and benevolence
DOCTRINE OF THE MEAN
• Individual determines the most appropriate position in any given situation. The other
person is not asked to compromise, rather one must hold on to it.
ASIAN PHILOSOPHY:
CONFUCIANISM
CONFUCIAN CANON (SI SHU)
• Analects (Lun Yu) discussions of Confucius on the basic values of propriety
righteousness , filial piety, and loyalty around the central value of benevolence.
• Mencius (Meng Zi) collection of conversation between Confucius and Mencius
that layout the belief system that humans are born with an innate sense of moral
righteousness.
• Doctrine of the Mean (Zhong Yong) advocates the cultivation of attitudes in
moderation through correct modes of thinking, behaving, and feeling.
• Great Learning (Da Xue) themes on philosophy and political thinking ; defining
Dao as the way of learning.
ASIAN PHILOSOPHY:
CONFUCIANISM
CONFUCIAN HUMANISM (REN DAO)
Founded on benevolence which encourages putting others needs
and wants a priority. The practice is regulated by propriety and
righteousness.
ASIAN
PHILOSOPHY:
CONFUCIANISM
IMPLICATION
Filial piety and loyalty are sources of social
identification. Interpersonal relationship
has two social dimensions: intimacy-
distance and superior-inferiority.
Economic development in East Asia is
attributed to both Confucianism and formal
rationalism by Max Weber.
Neo-Confucianism is a paradigm for
metaphysics that is essential for the
development of a cogent social identity.
E.g., Naiken (looking inward)
ASIAN PHILOSOPHY:
DAOISM
DAO
The order of nature that is discernible through scientific and
systematic observation performed with an attitude of passivity
and receptivity. Humans are a microcosm who are just part of
different cosmic forces. The Dao believes that there is a place for
everyone in the universe. The ideal society involves cooperation in
accordance with traditional customs.
A Daoist temple is called kuan (observatory)
ASIAN PHILOSOPHY:
DAOISM

WORLD VIEW
Three worlds:
1. Ideal this-world is just and peaceful
2. Ideal other-world residence of celestial being (hsien)
3. Between this-world and other-world realm of demons and
ghost
ASIAN PHILOSOPHY:
DAOISM
TENETS
Wu Wei attitude indicates not engaging in any activity that is contrary to the
laws of nature (in accordance to intrinsic principles).
Yin Yang believes that objects always exist in pairs in nature. Yin is associated
with darkness, softness, and passivity, whereas yang has the properties of
brightness, hardness, and activity. The taijitu symbolized the yin yang which
represents equilibrium in human relationship with nature.
Wu Xin five elements in nature (metal, wood, water, fire, and earth) that
interact with one another either thru inhibition or enhancement.
San Bo are three virtues: compassion and kindness; restraint, economy, or
moderation; and not daring to be first
Immortality is self-cultivation defying aging and death by practicing internal
alchemy (meditation, visceral gymnastics, sex, diet, and breathing exercise)
and external alchemy (splagirism, pills of immortality).
PANTHEON
As a religion, Daoism is
polytheistic with deities and
hsien arranged in hierarchical
order with the Jade Emperor as
the head.
CANON (DAO ZANG)
Dao De Jing had teachings of
Lao Tzu and the Classics of
Nanhua which contained
writings of Chuang Zi.
HUMANISM AND
INFLUENCE
Daoist humanism assumes a
water personality, which
governs Chinese mental life.
ASIAN PHILOSOPHY:
DAOISM
WORLDWIDE
There has been an increased call to a simpler and ecology-minded
lifestyle in response to natural disasters. Wu Wei played a role in
the robust economy of China. It also played a role with existential,
cognitive, and rationale approaches.
ASIAN PHILOSOPHY:
BUDDHISM
Three schools of Buddhism:
1. Theravada (Hinayana or Southern Buddhism)
2. Tibetan (Northern Buddhism)
3. Mahayana (Eastern Buddhism)
Two sects: The Pure Land Sect (Ching Tu Tsung) and Zen Buddhism (Chan)
ASIAN PHILOSOPHY:
BUDDHISM
CENTRAL TENETS
Maya is determined by the extent of attachment to physical world
Karma is a product of our thoughts, feelings, and cognition
The Wheel of Karma (Samsara) vicious cycle of rebirths and their fates
Six Paths of Transmigration (i.e., beings in hell, hungry ghost, animals, the asura,
humans, and the deva)
Four Noble Truths (1) The unenlightened life is one of suffering brought on by
birth, aging, sickness, death, unpleasant senses; (2) Originates from greed,
ignorance, and craving; (3) Freedom is attainable with cessation of greed,
ignorance, and craving; (4) Follow the Noble Eightfold Path (right speech, right
action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration, right
thoughts, and right understanding)
ASIAN PHILOSOPHY:
BUDDHISM
BUDDHIST PANTHEON
Buddha is the top pantheon; state of the awakened one whereby they
become enlightened through their efforts, reflections, and insights.
Bodhisattvas compassionate who exist for enlightenment of sentient
beings
Dieties sacred beings with supernatural powers
Sangha are all followers of Buddha, both lay people and ordained
ASIAN PHILOSOPHY:
BUDDHISM
BUDDHIST CANON
The Sutras teachings and sermons of Buddha Shakyamuni
which aim toward enlightenment
The Abhidharma philosophical discourse and interpretation
of Buddhism doctrines
The Vinaya rues and regulations of monastic life
 ASIAN
PHILOSOPHY:
BUDDHISM
INFLUENCE
Buddhism, particularly the
Zen, plays a role in
psychotherapy such as
mindfulness practice.
 WORLDVIEW
The soul is the essence of human life, and
associated with the soul with the breath or atman,
which is deemed to enliven the body. The body is
ASIAN ephemeral, whereas the soul is eternal.
The Verdic creation story categorizes human
PHILOSOPHY beings into four classes:
: Brahmin: scholars, priest, and teachers
Ksatriya: warriors and administrators
HINDUISM Vaishya: artisans, farmers, and merchants
Shudra: people of the clant
*Dalit: untouchables
ASIAN PHILOSOPHY:
HINDUISM
DHARMA AND RELATED TENETS
Dharma differentiates the good and bad karma; a literature
known as Dharma-Sastras
The ultimate goal is liberation from cycles of rebirths or
samsara through action, wisdom, and devotion.
GENDER AND
SEXUALITY
 SEX VS
GENDER
SEX
SEXUAL ORIENTATION

1 2 3
Heterosexual Homosexual Bisexual Orientation
Orientations Orientation
REMEMBER:

Sexual activity ≠
Sexual Orientation
WHERE DOES SEXUAL ORIENTATION COME FROM?

 Genetic factors
 Exposure to androgens
 Size of right hemisphere
 Blood flow pattern
WHAT DO YOU SEE?
 GENDER

Society or culture defines the traits of being masculine or

feminine which is associated with certain social attributes
and opportunities. Bem (1993) believed that men and
women have intrinsically different psychological and
sexual natures.
STEREOTYPES AND GENDER ROLES
A stereotype is an oversimplified fixed way of thinking about an
individual or group. Gender stereotype is a fixed belief about how men
and women should behave.

A gender role refers to the norms and personality characteristics which

different cultures consider appropriate for a man or a woman.
GENDER ROLE
DEVELOPMENT
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY
Oedipus Complex and identification plays a role for sex-
typed behaviors. Girls experience penis envy resulting to
Electra Complex. The conflict is resolved when girls
identify with the mother.

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY

Basic gender identity (2 to 3 ½ years) child knows he is
a boy or girl but does not realize that gender is a
constant attribute. Gender stability (3 ½ to 4 ½ years)
child knows gender is stable but has no awareness of its
constancy across situations. Gender consistency (4 ½ to
7 years onwards) The child knows gender stays the
same over time, regardless of activities, appearance,
and traits
GENDER ROLE
DEVELOPMENT
GENDER SCHEMA THEORY
Gender schema is a belief that children by 2 to
3 years old start to form organized set of beliefs
about the different sexes.

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

Children develop gender-related behaviors
through observation. Gender socialization
refers to the process of learning gender-specific
behaviors that are considered appropriate for
one’s sex in a particular culture.
GENDER STEREOTYPING AND THE MEDIA
 ACADEMIC DIFFERENCES
• Elite schools in Singapore had the most
egalitarian view of men and women’s roles
(Tay & Gibbson, 1998).
• Girls are praised for work that is orderly
and neat, whereas boys receive positive
feedback for problem solving abilities and
are called for often in class in Japanese
classrooms. Boys also receive more
positive attention than girls (Hamilton,
Blumenfeld, Akoh, & Miura, 1991).
• Male characters tend to be featured in
math and science subjects (Lee & Collins,
2008).
• The pursuit of higher education in S. Korea
is for the hopes of attracting a high status
husband (Lee, 1998).
The Issue of
Mathematics
WORK DIFFERENCES
• Masculine traits, such as dominance and objectiveness, as
more socially desirable than feminine traits (Basow, 1992).
• Chinese women experience stress when they perceived
themselves as physically unattractive and nurturing, had to
behave assertively. But Chinese men experience stress when
they had to express emotions and when they were
subordinate to women (Tang & Lau, 1995).
• Women are more likely to hold part-time jobs ad to be
unemployed. They are more likely to work in the agricultural
sector of rural areas.
• Women only make up around 20 to 30% in government related
councils (Wong & Lee, 2009)
• Women feel limited by their household and family
responsibilities which prevent them from putting more time
into their careers.
WOMEN AS
LEADERS
• Few women make into top leadership
positions (Cheung &Halpern, 2010).
• Women in HK earn 85% of what men earn
in equal positions (Lee, Li, & Zhang, 2009).
• Women need to balance their roles as a
mother and a wife with their career. They
still consider children and family as their
priority (Cheng & Halpern, 2010).
• Women in Asia are less likely to work as
work and family are viewed as
interdependent domains.
INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS
• Women are more conservative about
sex (Peplau, 2003).
• Confucian believes that a woman
should stay chaste until they are
married as honor to family
(Abraham, 1999).
• Male as superior, female as
subordinate even in sexual activity
(Hampson, 2000)
Attraction
• Relationships and marriage is more of an alliance
between families rather than out of love
(Goodwin & Cramer, 2000).
• Men valued physical attractiveness and youth,
while women prefer someone older and of
earning potential (Buss, 1989).
• Male Chinese students preferred female
gentleness and tenderness (Kline & Zhang, 2009).
PARTNER VIOLENCE
• Cases of domestic violence are underreported:
1. Fear of jeopardizing financial dependence and
self-blame for precipitating the attacks
2. Taboo of revealing one’s information in public.
3. Concerned about protecting the reputation of
their husband
 GENDER INEQUALITY
• Most societies are patriarchal (male-
dominated).
• Foot binding of women in China “three-inch
golden lotuses” was a status symbol and the
only way to marry into money in China (Hall,
2009)
• Japanese obi and Korean hanbok suppress
secondary sex characteristics of women.
• In India they practiced dowry
PROSTITUTION
• Global business which trafficked women and children from rural
communities and Japan has become one of the most common
destinations for women sold into sex slavery.
PERSONALITY
DIMENSION,
STRUCTURE, AND
DEVELOPMENT
 Allport: “A dynamic organization or a psychophysical system inside an
individual that leads to a unique adjustment to the individual’s environment.”

Catell: “Based on an individual’s specific personality, we can reasonably predict

what the individual will do in a particular situation,

Staats: “Personality includes specifiable learned behaveiors”

BASIC DIMENSIONS OF PERSONALITY

FREEDOM-DETERMINISM
The amount of control people have over their own personalities.
RATIONALITY-IRRATIONALITY
Development of personality arising either through rational processes or
impulsive behavior
HOLISM-ELEMENTALISM
Can be understood as a complete entity or it can be appreciated only
by studying the individual parts comprising a person.
COSTITUTIONALISM-ENVIRONMENTALISM
Argues whether internal forces or external forces contribute to
personality
SUBJECTIVITY-OBJECTIVITY
Whether the inner world or outer world has more significant influence
PROACTIVITY-REACTIVITY
Interprets personality development as pretermined by their own future
or how it is simply a reaction to the external world
HOMEOSTASIS-HETEROSTAISIS
Acquired through learning that attempts to reduce tension or that
learning is motivated by growth
KNOWABILITY-UNKNOWABILITY
Whether or not we have insight about our selves (or others)
CHANGEABILITY-UNCHANGEABILITY
Inevitable changes at different developmental stages or that it is
predetermined by childhood experiences
PERSONALITY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
ASIANS AND WESTERNERS
THEORIES OF
PERSONALITY

PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE
1. Topographic Model:
consciousness preconsciousness,
and unconsciousness
2. Structural Model: id, ego,
superego
3. Developmental Model: oral,
anal, phallic, latency
NEO-PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE
1. Striving for Success or Superiority
2. Parenting Style
3. Birth Order
BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE
1. Classical Conditioning in Preferences, Biases, and
Personality
2. Operant Conditioning and Personality Development
SOCIAL LEARNING PERSPECTIVE
1. Social Reinforcement
2. Vicarious Reinforcement
3. Self-reinforcement
4. Observational learning
ASIAN PERSPECTIVE

THE INDIGENOUS STUDIES IN PERSONALITY

Philippines
• Panukat ng mga Katangian ng Personalidad
(PKP)
• Panukat ng Pagkataong Pilipino (PPP)
• Panukat ng Ugly at Pagkatao (PUP)
Japan
• New Personality Inventory (NPI)
• Five-Factor Personality Questionnaire
CHINA, HONGKONG, TAIWAN
• Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory which measures:
1. Social potency
2. Dependability
3. Accommodation
4. Interpersonal relatedness
 PERSONALITY
CHARACTERISTICS
OF A WISE MAN
1. Altruism
2. Determination
3. Serenity
GENTLEMAN VS VILLAIN

Benevolence Non-benevolence
Righteousness Iniquitousness
Observance of Rites Imprudence
Wisdom Fraudulence
JAPANESE
PERSPECTIVE
The Japanese Self
1. Taken for granted
2. Inability to control
3. Conscious choice