METHODS TO

FROM THE EMISSIONS OF COMBUSTION PROCESSES

Name - K V RAMANAKUMAR SINGARAJU
Roll No - 196506
Topics To Be Discussed:

What is Carbon Capture?

Why Carbon Capture is Necessary?

 How carbon capture is done through various processes?

Applications after Carbon Capture

What is Carbon Capture?
 Why Carbon Capture is Necessary?

Emission Global
Melting of
of Green Warming(I
Glaciers &
House ncrease in
rise in sea
Gases(GH GHG,s
level
G’s) emission)

Impact on Floods &

Health of disruption
living in the
beings ecosystem

 CO2 is the most important greenhouse gas, and anthropogenic CO2 emissions are
consequence of fossil fuels being the most important global energy sources.
Global CO2 Emissions per Year:

IEA - International Energy Agency

APS - Alternative Policy Scenario
RS - Reference Scenario
How carbon capture is done?

 Pre Combustion
A. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC):
 Post Combustion
A. Absorbents
B. Carbonate Looping
C. Metal Organic Frame Adsorbents

 Oxy Fuel Combustion

A. Ion Transport Membrane (ITM)

B. Chemical Looping Technology

 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Reactor:
PRE COMBUSTION
IGCC PLANT
 POST COMBUSTION
A)Absorbents:

MonoEthanolAmine DiEthanolAmine

C2H4OH NH2 + CO2 + H2O CO2 + 2RR’NH RR’NH2+ +RR’NCOO

C2H4OHNH3 + + HCO3

Higher reboiler duty for regeneration of Lower reboiler duty for regeneration of DEA
MEA.

Forward reaction is exothermic @ 200 C and Forward Reaction is exothermic

backward is endothermic @1200 C

Higher Capital Investment Lower capital investment

More solvent degradation Lesser solvent Degradation

Lower recovery of carbon dioxide Higher recovery of carbon dioxide

B) Carbonate Looping:

CaO + CO2 CaCO3 + 178.2KJ/mole (Carbonator, Exothermic)

Thermodynamic Equilibrium based Partial Pressure of CO2 on Temperature
Carbonator Efficiency, Sorbent Looping ration and Makeup Ratio:
B) Adsorbents:
Different Type of Structures:
 MOF’s in Desorption of
Flue Gas Temperature Swing
Packed Bed CO2 by heating
40-60 °C Reactor @2000 C
0.13 - 0.16 bar
Pressure Swing

Desorption of
CO2 by
decreasing
pressure

 MOF-177, a MOF designed for CO2 capture, has a heat capacity of 0.5 J/g K at ambient
temperature.
A) Ion-Transport Membrane:

 Perovskite ITMs
 Temperatures in the
range of 700–900C
Configurations Of ITM’s:
Membranes Used In Air Separation:
 polymeric membranes
 ceramic oxygen transport membranes
 Dense ceramic oxygen transport membranes

Advantages:

 Compact, Highly Selective, Large surface to volume ratio and flexible

Disadvantages:

 Impossible to capture 90% of CO2 in flue gas

 Multi-step or multi-stage membrane separation system for CO2 treatment.
 Increase in permeate flux.
B) Chemical Looping Technology:

 Schematic of CLC using a metal that is oxidized to uptake O2 and reduced

under hydrocarbon atmospheric conditions for combustion with the fuel
Advantages:

 Net reaction of the process is highly exothermic

 The advantages of using CLC include the high CO2 capture efficiency and the absence

of NOx formation.

 Compatible with S-capture technologies

 Higher thermodynamic efficiency

Disadvantages:

 Carrier circulation

 Dual reactors

 Lower exhaust gas temperature (~1000 ºC)/pressure

Comparison of the discussed Processes:
 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC):

 Cathode is composed of two layers, an electrochemically fine-grained composite of the

electrolyte material and the electro catalyst (lanthanum manganite) and anode is
composed of Ni/8YSZ
 Alloys, composites like the conventional Ni/8YSZ cermet, or even refractory
Ceramics
 Applications:

 Building materials:

 Carbon8 is a British firm that reacts waste products with captured CO2 and makes
an aggregate for construction.
 An Australian company called Mineral Carbonation International has just opened
a pilot plant that will use CO2 to make materials for plasterboard, cement and
bricks.

 Fertilizers:
 world’s first commercial air capture plant opened in Switzerland

 Oxford based CCM Research have been developing a way to combine CO2 with
waste straw and methane from a landfill site, creating a crumbly soil enriching
fertilizer.
 Gas:

 Methanogenic archaea consume CO2 and produce methane as waste, and a

company called Electrochaea uses them to turn carbon emissions into natural gas.

 Plastic:

 Econic Technologies is a company that uses CO2 as a feedstock for plastic.

There’s a double benefit here. First, it replaces half of the oil normally used as
a feedstock, and second, it locks up that CO2 in a durable plastic item

 Covestro, makes a plastic foam with a mixture that is 20% CO2

Conclusions:

 Capturing carbon is the most essential and promising technique to decrease the CO2

levels in atmosphere and thereby resulting in the decrease in the temperature globally.

 Post Combustion is the retrofitting method in the established industries. Carbonate

Looping is the efficient technology that is being scaled up and commercialized.

 Ash Content is only 30% on Oxy Fuel Combustion.

 Captured CO2 is used in manufacturing various Byproducts.

 Scientists are also looking into developments of model that produces electricity from the

captured carbon which in turn meets energy demand in future.

List of companies that installed Carbon Capture Units:

• Mitsubishi Heavy Industrial Ltd. • ADNOC

• Occidental Petroleum • Climeworks
• Air Liquide • Global Thermostat
• Air Products & Chemicals Inc. • Carbon Engineering Ltd.
• Praxair Technology, Inc. • CO2 Solutions
• Linde Group
• Dakota Gas
• Enhance Energy Inc.
• Aker Solutions
• Petronas
• Schlumberger Limited
• Royal Dutch Shell plc
• NRG Energy
References:
[1] Jochen Hilz⁎, Martin Helbig, Martin Haaf, Alexander Daikeler, Jochen Ströhle, Bernd
Epple Long-term pilot testing of the carbonate looping process in 1 MWth scale
[2] M. A. Habib, H. M. Badr,,y, S. F. Ahmed, R. Ben-Mansour, K. Mezghani, S. Imashuku,G. J.
la O, Y. Shao-Horn, N. D. Mancini, A. Mitsos, P. Kirchen and A. F. Ghoneim
A review of recent developments in carbon capture utilizing oxy-fuel combustion in
conventional and ion transport membrane systems
[3] Yiang-Chen Chou,Wan-Hsia Liu, and Heng-Wen Hsu Calcium Looping Carbon Capture
Process
[4] Jun Liang, Yuan-Biao Huang , Rong Cao Metal–organic frameworks and porous organic
polymers for sustainable fixation of carbon dioxide into cyclic carbonates.
[5] Niklas Hedin, Linnéa Andersson , Lennart Bergström , Jinyue Yan Adsorbents for the
post-combustion capture of CO2 using rapid temperature swing or vacuum swing
adsorption
[6] Christian Kunze , Hartmut Spliethoff Assessment of oxy-fuel, pre- and post-combustion-
based carbon capture for future IGCC plants.