Cloud Computing

Unit-V

Mr. S. S. Kausalye
Department of Information Technology,
Part-I Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon.
Enabling Technologies for the
Internet of Things
1. RFID
 Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) is the use of radio
waves to read and capture information stored on a tag
attached to an object
 A tag can be read from up to several feet away and does not
need to be within direct line-of-sight of the reader to be
tracked
 A RFID system is made up of two parts:
 a tag or label
 a reader.
1. RFID (Continue…)
 RFID tags or labels are embedded with a transmitter and a
receiver
 The RFID component on the tags have two parts:
 a microchip that stores and processes information,
 an antenna to receive and transmit a signal
 The tag contains the specific serial number for one specific
object
 To read the information encoded on a tag, a two-way radio
transmitter-receiver called an interrogator or reader emits a
signal to the tag using an antenna
1. RFID (Continue…)
 The tag responds with the information written in its memory
bank
 The interrogator will then transmit the read results to an
RFID computer program
 Types of RFID tags:
1. Passive
2. battery powered.
1. RFID (Continue…)
 A passive RFID tag will use the interrogator’s radio wave
energy to relay its stored information back to the interrogator
 A batter powered RFID tag is embedded with a small battery
that powers the relay of information
 RFID tags are classified as Class 0 through Class 5,
depending on their functionality
2. Sensor Network (SN or WSN)
 A wireless sensor network is a group of specialized
transducers* with a communications infrastructure for
monitoring and recording conditions at diverse locations
 Commonly monitored parameters are temperature, humidity,
pressure, wind direction and speed, illumination intensity,
vibration intensity, sound intensity, power-line voltage,
chemical concentrations, pollutant levels and vital body
functions

 * electronic device that converts energy from one form to another

2. Sensor Network (SN or WSN)
 A wireless sensor network is a group of specialized
transducers* with a communications infrastructure for
monitoring and recording conditions at diverse locations
 Commonly monitored parameters are temperature, humidity,
pressure, wind direction and speed, illumination intensity,
vibration intensity, sound intensity, power-line voltage,
chemical concentrations, pollutant levels and vital body
functions

 * electronic device that converts energy from one form to another

2. WSN (Continue…)
 A sensor network consists of multiple detection stations
called sensor nodes
 These nodes are small, lightweight and portable
 Every sensor node is equipped with a transducer, transceiver,
microcomputer, and power source
 The transducer generates electrical signals based on sensed
physical effects and phenomena
 The microcomputer processes and stores the sensor output
 The transceiver receives commands from a central computer
and transmits data to that computer
2. WSN (Continue…)
 applications of sensor networks include:
1. Industrial automation
2. Automated and smart homes
3. Video surveillance
4. Traffic monitoring
5. Medical device monitoring
6. Monitoring of weather conditions
7. Air traffic control
8. Robot control
9. Environmental monitoring of air, water, and soil
10.Structural monitoring for buildings and bridges
11.Industrial machine monitoring
12.Process monitoring
3. ZigBee Technology
 ZigBee is an IEEE 802.15.4-based specification for a suite of
high-level communication protocols
 It is used to create personal area networks with small, low-
power digital radios, such as for home automation, medical
device data collection
 Generally it is used in low-power low-bandwidth needs
 ZigBee was invented in 1998, standardized in 2003, and
revised in 2006
 Zigbee uses 128-bit keys to implement its security
mechanisms
3. ZigBee (Continue…)
 Applications are:
1. wireless light switches
2. home energy monitors
3. traffic management systems
4. other consumer and industrial equipment that requires short-range
low-rate wireless data transfer
 Its transmission range is form 10–100 meters line-of-sight,
depending on power output and environmental
characteristics
 ZigBee has a rate of 250 kbit/s, best suited for data
transmissions from a sensor or input device
3. ZigBee (Continue…)
 Zigbee chips are typically integrated with radios and with
microcontrollers
 Zigbee builds on the physical layer and media access control
defined in IEEE standard 802.15.4 for low-rate wireless
personal area networks (WPANs)
 Zigbee devices are of three kinds:
1. Zigbee Router (ZR): As well as running an application
function, a Router can act as an intermediate router,
passing on data from other devices.
3. ZigBee (Continue…)
2. Zigbee Coordinator (ZC): Coordinator is root of the
network tree. One Zigbee Coordinator in each network. It
stores information about the network, including acting as
the Trust Center & repository for security keys
3. Zigbee End Device (ZED): Contains functionality to talk to
the parent node either the Coordinator or a Router. This
relationship allows the node to be asleep a significant
amount of the time thereby giving long battery life. A ZED
requires the least amount of memory, hence less
expensive
4. GPS (Global Positioning System)
 Global Positioning System allows anyone always obtain the
position information anywhere in the world
 GPS consists of the following three segments.
1. Space segment (GPS satellites): A number of GPS satellites are
deployed on six orbits around the earth at the altitude of approximately
20,000 km (four GPS satellites per one orbit), and move around the
earth at 12-hour-intervals
2. Control segment (Ground control stations): Ground control stations
play roles of monitoring, controlling and maintaining satellite orbit to
make sure that the deviation of the satellites from the orbit as well as
GPS timing are within the tolerance level
Ground control stations play roles of monitoring, controlling and maintaining satellite orbit to make sure that the deviation of the satellites from the orbit as well as GPS timing are within the tolerance level.

4. GPS (Global Positioning System)

3. User segment: Generally it is GPS receivers at user side
4. GPS (Global Positioning System)
 Factors that trigger GPS position errors
1. Ionosphere: The ionosphere is a portion of the upper atmosphere,
between the thermosphere and the exosphere. When GPS signals pass
through this layer, the propagation velocity of the GPS signal goes
slower, hence causing propagation error.
2. Troposphere: The troposphere is the lowest portion of Earth's
atmosphere. Radio reflections caused by dry atmosphere and water
vapor provoke GPS position error.
3. Multipath propagation: GPS signal is not immune to reflection when it
hits on the ground, structures and many others. This phenomenon is
called multipath propagation, one of the causes of GPS position errors
4. GPS