Data Communications

and Networking
 Text / Reference Book
Text Book:
Data Communications
and Networking
4th Edition
Behrouz A. Forouzan

Reference Book:
Data and Computer
Communications
William Stallings

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 Grading Criteria
• Assignments + Quizzes (25%)
• Mid-Term Exam (25%)
• Final Examination (50%)

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 Chapter 1
Introduction
 Introduction
• Telecommunication
• Data
• Data Communications
• Communication System

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Characteristics of Communication System

• Delivery
• Accuracy
• Timeliness
• Jitter

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 Components
 Message, Sender, Receiver, Medium, Protocol

Rule 1: … Rule 1: …
Rule 2: … Rule 2: …
Protocols
Rule 3: … Protocols Text Rule 3: …
… Numbers …
Rule n: … Picture Rule n: …
Video
Audio Message
Sender Receiver
Twisted Pair Cable
Computer Coaxial Cable Computer
Workstation Fiber-Optic Cable Workstation
Telephone handset Radio Waves Telephone handset
Video camera Television
Etc… Etc… 7
 Data Representation
 Text
 It is represented as a bit pattern (0’s and 1’s)
 A set of bit pattern is called CODE
 Unicode system (32-bits to represent a symbol)
 ASCII System (8-bits)

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 Data Representation
 Data Representation
 Text
 It is represented as a bit pattern (0’s and 1’s)
 A set of bit pattern is called CODE
 Unicode system (32-bits to represent a symbol)
 ASCII System (8-bits)

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 Data Representation
 Number
 It is represented as a bit pattern (0’s and 1’s)
 ASCII System is not used to represent number
 Numbers are directly converted to binary

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 Data Representation
 Image
 Represented by matrix of pixels
 Each pixel is assigned a bit pattern (0’s and 1’s)
 Number of pixel defines picture resolution
 Pixel in pure black and white image can be represented
by one bit
 Pixel in color image is represented by more than one bit

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 Data Representation
 Image
0 1 0 0
0 = White 0 0 1 1
1 = Black
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1

00 01 00 11
00 = White
01 = Black 00 00 10 01
10 = Red 00 01 11 00
11 = Blue
11 00 10 01

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 Data Representation
 Audio
 Recording or broadcasting sound or music
 It is continuous, not discrete
 Microphone, speakers
 Video
 Recording or broadcasting picture or movie
 It is continuous entity (TV camera) or combination of
images

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 Data Flow
 Simplex (Always One-way Flow)
 Entire capacity of channel can be used to send data.
 E.g.: keyboards (input), traditional monitors (output)

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 Data Flow
 Half-Duplex (Both-way Flow but one way at a
time)
 Entire capacity of channel can be used for each direction
 E.g.: walkie-talkies

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 Data Flow
 Full-Duplex (Both-way Flow at a time)
 Two separate transmission paths or capacity of channel is divided
 E.g.: telephone line

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 Networks
 Network
 Nodes
 Links

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 Distributed processing
• Task is distributed among a set of computers

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 Network Criteria
– Performance
• Transit time and Response time
• Depends on Network Elements
• Measured in terms of Delay and Throughput
– Reliability
– Security

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 Networks
 Physical Structure
– Type of Connection
• Point to Point –
• Multipoint –
– Physical Topology
• Connection of devices
• Type of transmission - unicast, mulitcast, broadcast

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 Networks
 Types of connections (Point-to-Point)

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 Networks
 Types of connections (Point-to-Point)

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 Networks
 Types of connections (Point-to-Point)

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 Networks
 Types of connections (MultiPoint)

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 Networks
 Categories of Networks

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 Networks
 Categories of Networks
 Mesh Topology
 Every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to
every other devices
 N*(N-1)/2 Links
 N-1 Ports

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 Advantages of a Mesh topology
• Privacy or security (every message travels
along a dedicated line, only the intended
recipient sees it. Physical boundaries
prevents other user from gaining access
the message
• Eliminating the traffic problems The use
of dedicated links guarantees that each
connection can carry its own data load;
that can occur when links must be shared
by multiple devices.
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 Advantages of a Mesh topology
• A mesh is robust. If one link becomes
unusable, it does not incapacitate the
entire system.
• Fault identification and fault isolation
easy. This enables the network manager
to discover the precise location of fault
and aids in finding its cause and solution.

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 Disadvantages of a Mesh topology
Related to the amount of cabling devices and
the amount of I/O ports required:
– Every device must be connected to every other
device, installation and reconnection are difficult
– The sheer bulk of the wiring can be greater than
the available space can accommodate.
– The H.W required to connect each link (I/O ports
and cable) expensive.

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 Networks
 Categories of Networks
 Star Topology
– Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central
controller (hub)
– Unlike a mesh , a star topology does not allow direct traffic between
devices, if one device want to send data to another , it send it to the
hub, which send it to other device
 N Links and N Ports (hub)

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• The star pattern connects
everything to a host computer,
a network switch, or a
network hub, which handles
the network tasks.
• All communications
between computers
go through the
host/switch/hub.

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 Advantages of a Star topology
1.Easy to install and reconfigure and
less expensive
– each device need only one link and I/O
port to connect it to any other
devices.)
2.Robustness:
– if one link fails, only that link affected
and other links remain active.
3.Identification and fault isolation
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 Disadvantages of a Star topology
• The dependency of the whole topology
on one single point, the hub. If the hub
goes down, the whole system is dead.

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 Tree topology : Is a variation of star
-Not every device plugs directly into the central hub.
The majority of devices connect to secondary hub that
in turn is connected to the central hub.

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 Tree topology : Is a variation of star
The advantages and disadvantages of tree
topology are generally the same as those of star .
- The addition of secondary hubs bring more
advantage: allows for more devices to be
attached to a single central hub, therefore
increase the distance a signal can travel between
devices.

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 Networks
 Categories of Networks
 Bus Topology
 Multipoint connection. Acts as a backbone to link all
the devices in a network.
 One backbone and N drop lines

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• The bus pattern connects the computer to the
same communications line. Communications
goes both directions along the line. All the
computers can communicate with each other
without having to go through the server.

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 Bus topology

There is a limit on the number of taps a bus can support and on

the distance between those taps
• As a signal travels along the backbone, it
becomes weaker

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 Advantages/ Disadvantages of a Bus
topology

Advantage
Ease of installation, less cabling than mesh or star.

Disadvantages
1. A fault in bus cable (break) stops all transmissions even
between devices on the same side of the problem. The damaged
area reflects signals back the direction of origin, creating noise in
both directions
2. Reconnection
It can difficult to add new devices (adding more require
modification or replacement of the backbone).

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 Networks
 Categories of Networks
 Ring Topology
– Each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection
only with the two devices on either side of it
– A signal is passed along the ring in one direction from
device until it reaches its destination.

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 Ring Topology
• The ring pattern connects the computers and other devices one
to the other in a circle.
• There is no central host computer that holds all the data.
• Communication flows in one direction around the ring.

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 Ring Topology
• Each device in the ring incorporate as repeater
• Repeater :regenerates the signal
• It receives a weakened signal, creates a copy,
bit for bit, at the original strength

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 Ring Topology
Advantages:
• Easy to install and reconfigure.
Each device is linked only to its immediate neighbors. To add or delete a
device requires hanging only 2 connections
• Fault isolation is simplified :
A signal is circulating at all times (token) if one device does not receive a
signal within specified period, it can issue an alarm. The alarm alerts
the network operator to the problem and its location

Disadvantages
• Unidirectional traffic.
A break in the ring (such as disabled station) can disable the entire
network. This can be solved by use dual ring

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 Networks
 Categories of Networks
 Hybrid topology

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 Network Categories
Network category is determined by its size,
ownership, the distance it cover and its physical
architecture.

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 LAN
Used in business environments, links a workgroup
of task-related computer.

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Multiple-building LAN

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 LAN ( Local Area Network)
• Privately owned and links the devices in a
single office, building or campus
• LANs designed to allow resources to be
shared between PCs or workstations. The
resources may be H.W (e.g. printer) or S.W
(applications program) or data.
• In LANs one of the computers has a large
capacity drive and becomes a server to other
clients.
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 LAN ( Local Area Network)
• S/W stored on server and used as needed by
the whole group.
• LAN size determined by licensing restrictions
(no of users per copy of S/W)
• LAN use only one type of transmission
medium.
• The most common LAN topologies are bus,
ring and star.
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MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
• Owned by private company or it may be a
service provided by public company
(such as local telephone-company)
• Extended over an entire city.
• May be single network such as a cable
television network, or it may be
connected number of LANs into a large
network so that resources may be shared
LAN-TO- LAN.
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MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

• Examples:
 Company can use MAN to connect
the LANs in all its offices throughout
the city.
 A part of the telephone line network
that can provide DSL line to the
customer

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MAN

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 WAN (Wide Area Network)
• Provides long distance transmission of data, voice , image
and video information over large areas ( country or whole
world)
• In contrast to LAN, WAN may utilize public or private
communication equipments or combination.

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 The Internet
• The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our
daily lives. It has affected the way we do business as
well as the way we spend our leisure time. The
Internet is a communication system that has brought a
wealth of information to our fingertips and organized
it for our use.
• internet: two or more networks that can communicate with each
other
• Internet: a collaboration of more than hundreds of thousands of
interconnected networks.
– Organization of the Internet
– Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 54
The Internet

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 Internet

• a collaboration of more than 100 of

1000 interconnected network.
• Brief History ( self-reading)
• In mid of 1960:
• The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in
the department of defense was interested in finding
a way to connect computers so that the researchers
they funded could share their findings, to reduce
costs and eliminating duplication of effort.

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 Brief History
• 1n1967
– ARPA presented its ideas for ARPANET, small
network of connected computers (mainframe).
• 1n 1969,
– ARPANET was reality. Four nodes at the UNV. Of
California,(at los angles and Santa Barba), univ. of
utah and SRI (Standford Research Institute)
connected via IMPs computers to form a network.
Software called Network Control Protocol (NCP)
provided communication between the hosts.

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 Brief History
• In 1972,
– Protocol to achieve end -to-end delivery of packets,
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
– Authorities made decision to split TCP into two protocols:
– IP: Internetworking protocol to handle datagram routing
and
– TCP: responsible for higher-level-functions such as error
detection, segmentation and reassembly.

• Internet today
– Made up of many wide and local area networks joined by
connecting devices and switching stations. Today most end
users use the services of internet service providers (ISPs).

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 internet service providers (ISPs)
• Hierarchical organization of the Internet
includes:
– International Internet Service Providers
– National Internet Service Providers
– Regional Internet Service Providers
– Local Internet Service Providers

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 Protocols and Standards

• Protocols
• Standards
• Standards Organization

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 Protocols
• Set of rules that governs data communications.

• Protocol defines :
– What is communicated?
– How it communicated?
– When it is communicated?

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 What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
• “what’s the time?” • machines rather than
• “I have a question” humans
• introductions • all communication activity
in Internet governed by
… specific msgs sent protocols
… specific actions taken
when msgs received, or protocols define format,
other events order of msgs sent and
received among network
entities, and actions
taken on msg transmission
and/or receipt of a msg.
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 Protocols
• Key elements of a protocol: Syntax,
semantics and timing
• Syntax: Structure or format of the data,
meaning the order in which they are
presented. Example: A simple protocol
might expect the first byte of data to be the
address of the sender, the second byte to be
the address of the receiver and the reset of
the stream to be the message itself.
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 Protocols
• Semantics: Refers to the meaning of each
section of bits.
• Example: does an address identify the route
to be taken or the final destination of the
message.

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 Protocols
• Timing: When data to be sent?
•How fast they can be sent? Example: If a
sender produces data at 100Mbps but the
receiver can process data at only 1Mbps,
transmission will overload the receiver and
data will be largely lost.

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 Standards
• Provide guidelines to manufactures,
vendors, government agencies and
other service provides to ensure the
kind of interconnectivity necessary in
today's marketplace and international
communication.

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 Standards
• Two categories:
1.De fact: Have been adopted as
standard through widespread use.
Established by manufacturers that
define the functionality of a new
product or technology
2.De jure: officially recognized body.

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Figure 1-3

WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

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 Standard Organization
1.International Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
•Multinational body
•OSI

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 Standard Organization
2. International Telecommunication
Union Telecommunication
standard sector ( ITU-T)
– devoted to the research of standards for
telecommunication in general and for
phone and data system in particular
–Data transmission over telephone line
Modems standards :V- series( V32,
V34,V90)
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 Standard Organization
3. American National Standards Institute
(ANSI)
– completely private, nonprofit corporation

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 Standard Organization
4. Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
–International in scope
–In the fields of electrical engineering,
electronics and all related branches
of engineering
–International standards for
computing and communications LAN
(project 802)
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