Chapter 5 :

Frequency Modulation (FM)

and Phase Modulation (PM)

Teguh Firmansyah., S.T, M.T.

02/12/2019 Basic Telecommunication

 ANGLE MODULATION

• Angle modulation
– Frequency modulation (FM) : Frequency is changed by the
message signal.
– Phase modulation (PM) : Phase is changed by the message
signal.

• High degree of noise immunity by bandwidth expansion.

• They are widely used in high-fidelity music broadcasting.

Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 Presentation of FM and PM Signal
• An angle-modulated signal
u(t )  Ac cos( (t ))
 (t ) : the phase of the signal.
• Instantaneous frequencyf i (t ) is given by
1 d
f i (t )   (t )
2 dt
• Since u(t) is a bandpass signal, it can be represented as
u(t )  Ac cos(2f ct   (t ))

1 d
f i (t )  f c   (t )
2 dt

Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 • If m(t) is the message signal, then in a PM system we
have  (t )  k pm(t )
k p : phase deviation constant

• In an FM system f i (t )  f c  k f m(t )  1 d  (t )
2 dt
k f : frequency deviation constant

• From the above relationships we have

 k p m(t ) PM
 (t )   t


2k f  m( )d FM
 d
d k m(t ) PM
• On the other hand  (t )   p dt
dt  2k f m(t ) FM
Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 • The maximum phase
deviation in a PM system
max  k p max m(t ) 

• The maximum
frequency-deviation in an
FM system
f max  k f max m(t ) 

Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 Example
• The message signal m(t )  a cos(2f mt ) is used to either FM or PM for
the carrier Ac cos( 2f ct ) . Find the modulated signal in each case.
Solution:
PM FM t kfa
 (t )  k p m(t )  k p a cos( 2f mt )  (t )  2k f 

m( )d 
fm
sin( 2f mt )
we have
 Ac cos( 2f ct   p cos(2f mt )) PM  p  k pa
u(t )  
 Ac cos( 2f ct   f sin( 2f mt )) FM  f  k f a / fm
Modulation index

• Modulation index for a general m(t)

 p  k p max  m(t )   max

 f  k f max  m(t ) / W  f max / W
Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 • Narrowband Angle Modulation: If for all t , we have  (t )  1
then we can use the approximation
u(t )  Ac cos( 2f ct ) cos( (t ))  Ac sin( 2f ct ) sin(  (t ))
 Ac cos( 2f ct )  Ac (t ) sin( 2f ct )

• The modulation is very similar to conventional AM

Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 3.3.2 Spectral Characteristics of Angle-
Modulated Signals
• Assume that the message is a sinusoidal signal
u(t )  Ac cos(2f ct   sin( 2f mt ))

 Re Ac e j 2fct e j sin(2fmt ) 
• The signal sin( 2f mt ) is periodic with period Tm  1 / f m .
The same is also true for the complex exponential signal
e j sin(2f mt )
• Fourier series representation
1

cn  f m  0
fm
e j sin(2f mt ) e  jn2f mt dt
u  2 f m t 2
1

J n (  ) :Bessel function
 e j (  sinu nu ) du
2 0 of the first kind of
order n
Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 • Therefore, we have

e j sin(2f m t )
 
n  
J n (  )e j 2nfmt

• Finally we obtain 
 j 2nf t j 2f t 
u(t )  Re  Ac  J n (  )e e 
m c

 n  

  A J (  ) cos(2 ( f
n  
c n c  nf m )t )

• The actual bandwidth of the modulated signal is infinite.

However, the amplitude of the sinusoidal components of
frequenciesf c  nf m for large n is very small.
• Property:
 J n (  ) n even
J n (  )  
 J n (  ) n odd
Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 Example :
c(t )  10 cos(2f ct ) m(t )  cos( 20t )
k f  50
Find the expression for the modulated signal and determine
how many harmonics should be selected to contain 99% of
the modulated signal power.
Solution: The total power P  Ac  100  50
2

c
The modulated signal 2 2

u(t )  10 cos 2f c t  2k f cos( 20 )d 

 t

   
 50 
 10 cos 2f c t  sin( 20t ) 
 10 
 10 cos2f c t  5 sin( 20t ) 

Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 • The modulation index is given by
max  m(t ) 
  kf 5
fm
• Therefore

u (t )   A J (  ) cos(2 ( f
n  
c n c  nf m )t )

 10J (5) cos(2 ( f
n  
n c  10n )t )

• We have to choose k large enough such that

k
100 J n2 (5)

n k 2
 0.99  50

• The solution k=6.

Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 • In general the effective bandwidth of an anglr-modulated signal,
which contains at least 98% of the signal power, is given by
Bc  2(   1) f m
• Let the message signal be given by
m(t )  a cos(2f mt )
• The bandwidth of the modulated signal is given by

2k p a  1 f m PM
Bc  2  1 f m  
 2k f a  f m  FM
• FM occupies less bandwidth then PM .
• Carson’s rule: For general message signal, the bandwidth of the

 k p max  m(t )  PM
angle-modulated signal is given by

Bc  2(   1)W    k f max  m(t ) 
 FM
W

Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 RADIO AND TELEVISION BROADCASTING

1. AM Radio

2. FM Radio

3. Television

Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 3.4.1 AM Radio Broadcasting
• AM Radio Broadcasting
– 535-1605 kHz
– 10kHz spacing
– bandwidth of m(t) is 5kHz.
– Superheterodyne receiver with intermediate frequency f IF  455 kHz
– two frequency components f IF and 2 f c  f IF are produced after
the mixer

f LO  f c  f IF

Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 • Rejection of the radio signal at the image frequency
f c'  f LO  f IF
• Assume there are two received signal
r1 (t )  Ac [1  m1 (t )] cos( 2f ct )
r2 (t )  Ac [1  m2 (t )] cos( 2f c't )
The mixer output consists of the two signals Desired signal

y1 (t )  Ac [1  m1 (t )] cos( 2f IF t ) Interference

y2 (t )  Ac [1  m2 (t )] cos( 2f IF t ) from image
channel

• The RF amplifier bandwidth is designed to be sufficiently

narrow so that the image frequency signal is rejected
BRF  2 f IF
• The IF amplifier has bandwidth of 10kHz to reject signal
from adjacent channels.
Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 3.4.2 FM Radio Broadcasting
• FM Radio Broadcasting
– 88 - 108 MHz
– 100kHz spacing
– peak-frequency deviation 75kHz
– Superheterodyne receiver with intermediate frequency f IF  10.7 MHz

Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 BW  200kHz

f LO  f c  f IF

Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 FM Stereo Transmitter

Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 FM Stereo Receiver

Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 3.4.3 Television Broadcasting
• 1936 BBC black-and-white picture transmission
• Black-and-white TV Signal.
• The two dimensional image is converted to a one-
dimensional electrical signal by sequentially scanning the
image.
• The scanning of the electron beam in the CRT is controlled
by two voltage applied across the horizontal and vertical
deflection plates.
• In commercial TV broadcasting, the bandwidth of the
video signal is is limited to W = 4.2Mhz.
• VSB modulation is employed, the total transmission
bandwidth is around 6Mhz.
Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019
 3.5 Mobile Radio Systems
• Cellular concept

Basic Telecommunication
02/12/2019