MICRO PROCESSOR AND MICRO

CONTROLLERS
ROM, RAM AND ALU
• ROM (Read Only Memory):
– It consists of an array of
semiconductor devices
interconnected to store an
array of memory.
– The information stored is not
lost when power to ROM is
removed therefore it is
nonvolatile.
– It consists of operating
system related instructions.
ROM, RAM AND ALU
• CE-clock enable ROM consists of 8 data outputs
and 15 address inputs
• The data outputs have three state outputs they
are: logic low(zero), logic high(one) and high
impedance floating.
• High impedance floating state occurs when any
device is disconnected from the data output pin.
• The binary number stored in ROM indicates the
location of stored word which is known as
address.
• ROM can have 2^N number of address where N is
number of address pins.
• The number of bits per address are equal to
number of data outputs.
• ROM shown have 2^15 addresses with 8 bit per
address.
• ROM is specified as 32KX8 ROM.
 ROM
• The address storage can be improved by connecting ROM’s in
parallel.
• Types of programmable ROMs are as follow
• Mask-programmed ROM : programmed during manufacturing
can not be modified during usage.
• Programmable ROM(PROM) : programmed using electric fuses
more fuses can be added but once added can not be modified.
• Erasable PROM(EPROM) : electrically programmed by user can
be modified by using ultraviolet light on the connections.
• Electrically Erasable PROM(EEPROM) : electrically programmable
by user can be erased electrically and this is reprogrammed in
circuit.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
• Memory type is volatile that is the memory can
be erased if power is off.
• RAM is read write memory device.
• RAM stores temporary instructions.
• Depending on the devices used for
manufacturing it is classified in to two types they
are Static RAM and Dynamic RAM.
• Static RAM is manufactured by flip-flop using
transistors.
• Dynamic RAM is manufactured by using
capacitors.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
• The number addresses stored
depend on number of address
lines it has.
• When RAM is in write mode
the data pins act as inputs and
when it is read mode act as
output pins.
• In DRAM the data stores as
electric charge on capacitors
and memory is refreshed for
every 2ms.
Arithmetic Logic Unit
• Performs arithmetic operations on the data.
• A 4-bit ALU can perform 16 arithmetic operations.
• The number of operations depend on the op-code
value of ALU.
• The operations performed by 4 bit op-code ALU
are as follow
• Addition, addition with carry, subtraction,
subtraction with borrow, 1’s compliment, 2’s
compliment, AND, OR, EX-OR, increment,
decrement, Pass through(buffer), arithmetic shift,
logical shift, rotation and rotation with carry.
MICROPROCESSOR