Grop

 Navigation
 Allowed routine exploration beyond the sight
of land
 Science
 Allows the structural determination of chemicals via
nuclear magnetic resonant (NMR) spectrography
 Medicine
 Non-invasive imaging of patients via magnetic
resonant imaging (MRI)
 Functionally the same as NMR but applied differently and
the procedure was renamed due to public concern over
“nuclear safety”
 Electronics
 Fundamental component of many circuits relies on
magnetism

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 Invisible force (much like electricity)
 Can not be directly sensed by us
 Migratory birds found to have
magnetite-bearing sensory cells, thus
they “see” magnetic fields to a degree
 Human brain can be disrupted by
extremely strong magnetic fields
 Earth’s magnetic field
 Result of iron rich magma
 Protects us from space radiation
 Field strength is only ≈5x10-5 Tesla

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 Ferromagnetism
 Fe, Co, Ni most well known
 R•Fe2O3 (ferrite), R=ZnO, etc Fe Co
Ni
 Li
 In 2009, a team at MIT demonstrated
that Li gas exhibited ferromagnetism
when cooled to 1 Kelvin by infrared laser
 Paramagnetism
 Liquid O2, Platinum, Aluminum
 Diamagnetism
 An effect where a material creates an
opposing magnetic field
O2 (l) 7
 Opposites attract, like repel
 Analogous to E.M.F.
 By convention, force extends from N-
to-S

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S N

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 Devices which create and make use of magnetic fields
via induction
 Inductors, relays, solenoids, ignition coil, electric
motors, electrical generation, stoves
 Induction is the process by which a magnetic field is
formed (induced) as electrons flow in a conductor
 Recall that we measure the flow of # electrons per
second as Amperes!

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 By passing a current through a wire, a
magnetic field is induced
 Chapter 9 (tonight)
 Conversely, moving a conductor
through a magnetic field induces an
electric current
 Chapter 10 (Nov 1st)

Note: These diagrams apply conventional current theory (the old, and incorrect
notion that current moves from positive to negative). The course uses (the 11
modern, and technically correct) electron flow model, so the direction of current
 Inductance is the characteristic of an electrical
conductor that:

OPPOSES CHANGE in
CURRENT

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 As current begins to flow, a magnetic field forms
around the conductor and the magnitude remains
constant as long as the current remains constant
 Think of the magnetic field as a reservoir for energy
 Analogous to a capacitor storing a potential
 Magnetic field is converted to electrical potential as the
magnetic field collapses, usually to great effect!

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 Inductors are devices which exploit the properties of a
magnetic field which is formed by induction

 Unit of measure: Henrys (H)

 Schematic symbol: L

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 There are four factors which determine the inductance
of a coil:

1. Diameter
2. Number of turns
3. Length
4. Core material

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 1. Diameter: diameter = inductance

Any guesses as to why increasing diameter results in an increased

inductance?
• Has to do with the density of the magnetic field in the center of the
coil
• Greater coil area presents less opposition to the formation of a
magnetic field
Note:
If we double the diameter,
the inductance increases
four-fold, therefore we can
say that the inductance is a
factor of cross-sectional area
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2. Number of turns: # turns =
inductance

 By increasing the number of turns in a coil, we are

effectively providing greater conductor length which
increases the number of magnetic lines of force
 Recall inductors “store” energy in the magnetic field, thus
increasing the size of the potential magnetic field increases
the ability to store the magnetic energy

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3. Length: length = inductance

 This may seem counter-intuitive considering when you increase

the number of turns in a coil, it increases the inductance

 Consider that by increasing the length of a coil, we present a

longer path for the magnetic field flux to take, resulting in more
opposition to the formation of a magnetic field

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 The material in the center of a coil affects inductance
by increasing the ability of a magnetic field to pass
 Known as magnetic permeability
 Vacuum = 1
 Air = 1.00000037
 Steel = 100
 Ferrite (MnO•Fe2O3) = 640+
 µ-metal = 20000+
 (approximately 75% nickel, 15% iron, plus trace copper and
molybdenum)

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 Variable inductors value changed by varying:
 Amount of core material inside coil
 Most variable inductors
 Changing the number of turns
 So-called “roller inductors”
 1 = Contact wheel, 2 = contact bar, 3 = coil drive mechanism

 Most often, you will see either fixed, or tapped inductors

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 Factors influencing losses in inductors:
 Resistive characteristics
 Magnetic field coupling
 Resistive (power) losses are a result of the dissipation
of energy as heat
 Recall that P = I2R
 Consider the length of conductor in a coil
 Do you recall the concept of conductivity/resistivity?

 Field losses are due to magnetic coupling in nearby

conductive components which causes parasitic
induction in those coupled components

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 Voltage reaches its 63% of expected current after 1 time constant
maximum right away
 Current takes time
to build up as
magnetic field is
established

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 Time constant for inductors is defined as:
 The time it takes the circuit to achieve 63% of the total
expected current
 The time constant is calculated as:

L
T= Values must be in base units (ie. H and
R Ω)

Where does the time constant value 63% come from?

Where
n=1 23
  Given the following values, calculate the
time constant of the circuit
 Inductor whose value is 1.5 mH
 Resistor which is 220Ω
(L
)(R
1.5mH
L 00015mH
00015H )
T = . = 0.0000068 = 6.8x10- ≈7µs
R 220Ω 6
= must use “base” unitsssuch as H and Ω
Recall: We s
m = milli = thousandth = move decimal 3 places
left

As you can see, realistic time constant values are vanishingly 24

 Treat inductors in the same way you treat resistors

Series Parallel

Lt = L1 + L2 + .. Ln 1 = 1 + 1 + .. 1 .
L t L1 L2 Ln

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 You have three inductors in series and their values are:
L1 = 25mH
L2 = 15mH
L3 = 100µH
What is the total inductance of this
simple circuit?
Lt = L1 + L2 + .. = L1 + L2 + L3
Ln = 25mH + 15mH +
= 40mH + 0.1mH
100µH
= 40.1mH
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 Now you have three inductors in parallel and their
values are:
L1 = 40mH
L2 = 80mH
L3 = 40mH

1 .= 1 + 1 + .. 1 . = 1 + 1 + 1 . = 1 + 1 + 1 .
Lt L1 L2 L1 L2 L3 40 80 40
Cross-multiply
Ln 1 L. == 16mH
1.
t
Lt 16mH
A common pit-fall here is forgetting that the formula is based on 1/Lt
Be sure that you recall this fact when you do the calculations on your
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own!
 Questions?
 Let’s try the chapter questions together…
 B-005-09-01
4
 B-005-09-02
4
 B-005-09-05
3
 B-005-09-08
2
 B-005-11-05
3
 B-005-11-06
1
 B-005-11-09
4
 B-005-11-10
4

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