3.

ATOMS, MOLECULES, IONS

• Discovery of the atom
• Fundamental chemical laws
• Dalton’s atomic theory
• Atomic structure
• Isotopes of elements
• Chemical formula
DISCOVERY OF THE ATOM
Democritus: atomos
• Round sphere with no
electrons, protons and
neutrons
The Alchemists
Robert Boyle: first ‘chemist’
Antoine Lavoisier
 Fundamental Chemical
Laws
Law of Conservation of Mass
mass is neither created nor destroyed.
Joseph Proust
 Fundamental Chemical
Laws
Law of Conservation of Mass
mass is neither created nor destroyed.

Law of Definite Proportion

a given compound always contain the
same proportion of elements by mass.
John Dalton
Fundamental Chemical Laws
Law of Conservation of Mass
mass is neither created nor destroyed.
Law of Definite Proportion
a given compound always contain the
same proportion of elements by mass.
Law of Multiple Proportions
states that the masses of one element which
combine with a fixed mass of the second
element are in a ratio of whole numbers.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. Elements are composed of
extremely small particles called
atoms.

2. All atoms of a given element are

identical. The atoms of one
element are different from the
atoms of all the other elements.
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory

3. Compounds are composed of

atoms of more than one element. A
given compound always has the
same relative numbers and types of
atoms.
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory

4. A chemical reaction involves only

the separation, combination or
rearrangement of atoms; it does
not result in their creation or
destruction.
Joseph John Thomson
Plum pudding model
Ernest Rutherford
Gold foil experiment
Nuclear model
3. ATOMS, MOLECULES, IONS
• Discovery of the atom
• Fundamental chemical laws
• Dalton’s atomic theory
• Atomic structure
• Isotopes of elements
• Chemical formula
NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS
 NUCLEUS

proton neutron
 NUCLEUS

proton neutron
atomic
number
 NUCLEUS

proton neutron
atomic mass
number number
 NUCLEUS

proton neutron
atomic mass
number number
electron + loss
- gain
 The particles

particle mass, kg charge

electron 9.109 x 10-31 –1

proton 1.673 x 10-27 +1

neutron 1.675 x 10-27 0

 Element Notation

mass number A
element symbol
atomic number Z
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
 40 +2 59 52 +3 64 133
20 Ca 27 Co 24 Cr 29 Cu 55Cs+1
ATOMIC
NUMBER
MASS
NUMBER

Protons

Electrons

Neutrons
 40 +2 59 52 +3 64 133
20 Ca 27 Co 24 Cr 29 Cu 55Cs+1
ATOMIC
NUMBER
20 27 24 29 55
MASS
NUMBER
40 59 52 64 133

Protons 20 27 24 29 55

Electrons 18 27 21 29 54

Neutrons 20 32 28 35 78
3. ATOMS, MOLECULES, IONS
• Discovery of the atom
• Fundamental chemical laws
• Dalton’s atomic theory
• Atomic structure
• Isotopes of elements
• Chemical formula
ISOTOPES
 ISOTOPES

Atoms of the SAME element with

DIFFERENT atomic masses.
 ISOTOPES

Atoms of the SAME element with

DIFFERENT atomic masses.

Atoms of the SAME element with

DIFFERENT number of neutrons.
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS
ISOTOPIC ABUNDANCE
99.985 𝑥 1.00794 𝑎𝑚𝑢 + (0.015 𝑥 2.0141 𝑎𝑚𝑢)
100
99.985 𝑥 1.00794 𝑎𝑚𝑢 + (0.015 𝑥 2.0141 𝑎𝑚𝑢)
100

= 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟖 𝒂𝒎𝒖
7.5 𝑥 6.015 𝑎𝑚𝑢 + (92.5 𝑥 7.016 𝑎𝑚𝑢)
100
7.5 𝑥 6.015 𝑎𝑚𝑢 + (92.5 𝑥 7.016 𝑎𝑚𝑢)
100

= 𝟔. 𝟗𝟒𝟏 𝒂𝒎𝒖
19.9 𝑥 10.0129 𝑎𝑚𝑢 + (80.1 𝑥 11.0093 𝑎𝑚𝑢)
100
19.9 𝑥 10.0129 𝑎𝑚𝑢 + (80.1 𝑥 11.0093 𝑎𝑚𝑢)
100

= 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝒎𝒖

98.89 𝑥 12.00 𝑎𝑚𝑢 + (1.11 𝑥 13.00335 𝑎𝑚𝑢)
100

= 𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟏 𝒂𝒎𝒖
99.63 𝑥 14.00307 𝑎𝑚𝑢 + (0.37 𝑥 15. 0001 𝑎𝑚𝑢)
100

= 𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟕 𝒂𝒎𝒖

3. ATOMS, MOLECULES, IONS
• Discovery of the atom
• Fundamental chemical laws
• Dalton’s atomic theory
• Atomic structure
• Isotopes of elements
• Chemical formula
 IONIC
COMPOUNDS
COVALENT
COMPOUNDS
 COMPOUNDS
1.BINARY
2. WITH TRANSITION
METAL
3.WITH POLYATOMIC
IONS
 COVALENT
COMPOUNDS
1. ACIDS
2. SIMPLE COVALENT
CPDS