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- Perform and assessment of the human health risks associated with reclaimed
wastewater irrigation.
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- Provide an overview of the quantitative microbial risk assessment and the
toxic risk assessment methods that are feasible in the environment of South
Korea developed for rice paddy fields by ‘‘The Sustainable Water Resources
Research Program.’’
Materials and methods
QUANTITATIVE MICROBIAL RISK ASSESSMENT (QMRA):
1. Hazard identification:
- Reclaimed water quality is regulated by specific guidelines based on the
concentration of coliform bacteria like Escherichia coli.
- On study: Concentrations of E. coli, adenovirus, rotavirus, and Cryptosporidium in irrigation water of
paddy rice fields were used for the evaluation of risk of human enteric disease according to Ginneken
and Oron 2000; Petterson et al. 2001; Rose et al. 1996.
1. Exposure assessment:
- Farm workers are more likely to have direct contact with reclaimed wastewater
through ingestion. Exposure through inhalation and dermal contact is less likely.
- On study: Jung et al. (2005) (2) proposed that farm workers ingest 2 ml of reclaimed wastewater per day.
Materials and methods
QUANTITATIVE MICROBIAL RISK ASSESSMENT (QMRA):
3. Dose-response assessment:
- The Beta-Poisson dose–response model can be used to quantify the risk of
microbial ingestion.
3. Dose-response assessment:
- Probability of morbidity considering the probability distribution, age, health, and
status:
4. Risk characterization:
- Combines the information from the previous steps into an assessment of the
probability of occurrence and severity of adverse health effects in the exposed
population.
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