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  • Laser

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    anup thakare
    69 vizualizări11 pagini
    LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) is a device that emits coherent light through the process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of photons. It requires three main elements: (1) a gain medium that can be optically pumped to produce population inversion, (2) an optical resonator formed by two or more mirrors, and (3) a pump source such as flashlamps or diode lasers. When the gain medium is pumped above its lasing threshold, stimulated emission dominates over absorption leading to significant optical output and amplification of the emitted light inside the resonator. Common laser media include gases, liquids, solid-state materials and semiconductors which emit

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    laser presentation

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    PPT- LASER

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    LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) is a device that emits coherent light through the process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of photons. It requires three main elements: (1) a gain medium that can be optically pumped to produce population inversion, (2) an optical resonator formed by two or more mirrors, and (3) a pump source such as flashlamps or diode lasers. When the gain medium is pumped above its lasing threshold, stimulated emission dominates over absorption leading to significant optical output and amplification of the emitted light inside the resonator. Common laser media include gases, liquids, solid-state materials and semiconductors which emit

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PPTX, PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
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    69 vizualizări11 pagini

    Laser

    Încărcat de

    anup thakare
    LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) is a device that emits coherent light through the process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of photons. It requires three main elements: (1) a gain medium that can be optically pumped to produce population inversion, (2) an optical resonator formed by two or more mirrors, and (3) a pump source such as flashlamps or diode lasers. When the gain medium is pumped above its lasing threshold, stimulated emission dominates over absorption leading to significant optical output and amplification of the emitted light inside the resonator. Common laser media include gases, liquids, solid-state materials and semiconductors which emit

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    din 11

    LASER

    Light Amplified by Stimulated Emission Radiation


    E2 E2

    ℎν E2 – E1= 𝐡𝛎 ℎν

    E1 E1

    Absorption Spontaneous emission


    E2 E2

    ℎν ℎν

    E1 E1

    Spontaneous emission Stimulated emission


    • Probability emission and
    E2
    absorption are equal
    • Rate of absorption ad
    emission is equal
    • Net resultant negligible
    ℎν
    optical output

    E1
    To have significant optical output
    we need Population inverse
    Requirement for lasing action

    Em
    Fast transition, radiation less

    Metastable state

    Population
    Efficient Pumping

    Slow relaxation

    Slow transition, radiation inversion

    Metastable state

    Fast transition, radiation less

    En
    E4 , N4
    In population inversion
    E4 > E3 > E2 > E1
    N4 > N3 > N2 >N1 E3, N
    3

    • Rate of absorption < Rate of


    emission
    • Emission will be dominating
    effect E2 , N2
    • Resultant significant optical
    output
    E1 , N1
    Amplification and Lasing

    Energy (pumping ) source

    R2 Lasing medium R1

    R1- partially reflecting


    R2- fully reflecting
    Optical resonator
    Resonance in optical cavity

    L- Cavity length

    Resonating frequency
    C
    ν =N∗
    2∗L
    Types of laser based on lasing medium
    Hosting medium and Doping atom Wavelength (nm)
    Solid state laser

    Ruby laser Corundum (aluminum oxide) Chromium 694


    (aluminum oxide)

    Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet(YAG) YAG crystal Neodymium (Nd) 1064


    Nd-YAG

    Erbium-doped-yttrium scandium gallium garnet Yttrium-scandium gallium garnet crystal Erbium and Chromium 2780
    (Er,Cr:YSGG)

    Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm)


    Gases Semiconductor diode

    Carbon Dioxide 10600 Gallium-Arsenide (Ga-As) 850 and 950

    Gallium-Aluminum Arsenide 750-900


    Argon-Fluoride 193
    (Ga-Al-As)

    Helium-Neon 633
    Indium-Gallium-Arsenide-Phosphorus (InGaAlP) 1300-1600

    Helium cadmium 325


    Ruby Laser (three level system)

    Fast transition

    694.3 nm lasing
    He- Ne laser four level laser system

    3.39um
    E5=2.06 KeV

    E4=2.03KeV

    632.8nm
    E3=1.97 KeV

    E2=1.87 KeV

    He - atom Ne - atom

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