APPLICATION

AREAS OF SOFT
COMPUTING
1. Transportation
The move from manually run systems to
computerized automation and calculations moves
farther along every day. One aspect of life that
computers are used for in abundance is travel and
transportation. Those traveling by air rely on a long list
of computer systems to get them from point A to point
B. But even if you are using land transportation, it is
very likely you'll encounter one or more computer
systems during your journey. Families planning road
trips or truckers looking for an alternative route to a
destination often use their home computers, laptops or
even smart phones to better understand the lay of the
land.
1.1. Airplanes

Just as computers have affected

virtually every aspect of modern life,
from medicine to sports to education,
they have also had a major impact on
aviation. Computers are now used in all
parts of aviation. They are used to
design airplanes, to control them in
flight, and to ensure that they reach
their destinations safely and (more or
less) on time. Determining when
computers first took flight depends in
part upon one's definition of a computer.
A little more than a decade after the
Wright brothers flew at Kitty Hawk, the
brilliant U.S. engineer Elmer Sperry
adapted gyroscopes—which consisted of
spinning weights that maintained a
specific orientation—to electric and
pneumatic control systems connected to
an airplane's flight controls.
 1.2 Trains
Safety is one of the
central topics of rail systems,
which together with efficiency
represents the main targets.
Computer based technologies
have always played an
important role in the safety
and efficiency of transit
systems. These topics are
discussed in this book and it
is expected that they will
become even more important
in future COMPRAIL
meetings for the designers,
manufacturers, operators and
professionals attending this
conference series.
2. Medicine
Computers play a key role in almost
every sphere of life. They facilitate
storage of huge amounts of data, they
enable speedy processing of information
and they possess an inbuilt intelligence.
Owing to these unique capabilities,
computers function on levels close to that
of a human brain. Computers can hence
be employed in a wide variety of fields
like engineering, data processing and
storage, planning and scheduling,
networking, education as well as health
and medicine. You might want to take a
look at the various uses of computers.
Computers are the excellent means for
storage of patient related data. Big
hospitals employ computer systems to
maintain patient records. It is often
necessary to maintain detailed records of
the medical history of patients. Doctors
often require the information about a
patient’s family history, physical
ailments, already diagnosed diseases and
prescribed medicines. This information
can be effectively stored in a computer
database.
3. Manufacturing
Manufacturing
processes are heavily
embedded with
complexities. The days of
resolving process issues
manually are long gone and
have been replaced
by computer aided
manufacturing
(CAM) methodology that is
far more cost-effective,
timely and productive to
goals of manufacturing
facilities. There are six
important uses of computer
aided manufacturing
applicable to large and
small manufacturing
facilities.
3.1 Machining
Equipment
The most popular
use of CAM is in varying
types of machining
equipment used in
manufacturing. These
may include point to
point machines that rely
on numerical controls
(CNC) for precision
cutting, shaping and
packaging.
 3.2 Management of
Overall Production
Process
 In chemical and OTC
pharmaceutical
manufacturing
companies, CAM is used
in turnkey
manufacturing to
expedite the overall
production process. For
example, CAM will
specify volume of raw and
secondary materials used
in the chemical process.
CAM reduces the time
invested to produce a
particular line of
chemical products.
 3.3 Fabrication and
Engineering Design
 Fabrication manufacturing
uses several types of
equipment synchronized
with CAM software. For
example, building panels,
lineal, vinyl and
thermoplastic sheeting are
all fabricated using CAM
software applications to
determine size, density and
durability of materials of
construction based on
engineering design
specifications.In the world of
engineering design for
manufacturing, CAM
software applications are
crucial to providing
manufacturers with durable,
reliable equipment design.
 3.4 Generation of Tool Path
Designs
 Machine shops may be part of a
manufacturing or engineering
facility. In the auto industry,
design engineers rely on the use
of CAM to create computer
models of new auto designs.In
manufacturing facilities, a
typical tool path design depends
on the specific piece of
equipment and each equipment
part’s potential use. Machining
equipment relies on tool paths
for Computer Numerical Control
(CNC)for optimal operational
efficiency. A good example of this
is tool and die equipment used to
manufacture molds, cutting
tools, dies, machine tools,
gauges, fixtures and jigs. Die
equipment consist mainly of
presses that cut or shape
material
 Linkage of Equipment in
Manufacturing Processes
 Perhaps the greatest advantage
of computer aided
manufacturing is that it
produces uniquely processed
equipment, machines and parts
linked to provide a speedy
production process.The other
advantage of computer aided
manufacturing is a greater level
of quality and higher volumes of
goods manufactured with
maximum precision and
accuracy. For many
manufacturers, computer aided
manufacturing results in cost
savings by reducing the need for
increased quantities of
materials used in processing
and also a reduction in waste.
 4. Robotics
 Robotics is an interdisciplinary
branch of engineering and science
that includes mechanical
engineering, electrical engineering,
electronic engineering, information
engineering, computer science and
others. Robotics deals with the
design, construction, operation, and
use of robots, as well as computer
systems for their control, sensory
feedback, and information
processing. These technologies are
used to develop machines that can
substitute for humans and replicate
human actions. Robots can be used
in many situations and for lots of
purposes, but today many are used
in dangerous environments
(including bomb
detection and deactivation),
manufacturing processes, or where
humans cannot survive (e.g. in
space, under water, in high heat,
and clean up and containment of
hazardous materials and radiation).
 5. Communication
 Computers are critical for
communication and are the
centerpiece of information
technology. The early 1990s
saw the emergence of
household Internet use,
which eventually spurred
common use of email,
websites, blogs, social
networking, video chat and
Voice-Over-Internet
Protocol. Today, many
traditional communication
modes including postal mail
and landline phones seem
obsolete.
 5.1 Internet and Email
 The World Wide Web,
Internet and email
revolutionized the way
individuals communicate
with each other. Rather
than waiting days or weeks
to see information, we can
now view all information at
the speed of light. Email has
fundamentally transformed
how people share
information and conduct
business based on the speed
and flexibility it offers.
Computers can process data
at approximately 20 million
bytes per second so it is easy
for them to download and
instantly display almost any
text email.
 5.2 VOIP and Video Chat
 Voice-Over-Internet Protocol -
- or VOIP -- replaced the need
for landline telephones in
many instances. These lines
can provide instant phone
communication over the
Internet, and often are
cheaper than fixed phone
lines. They also provide the
ability to conduct video chats
to see whom you are speaking
with. VOIP platforms also
store contact details for easy
accessibility and dialing. The
current drawback to VOIP, as
of May 2011, is that 911
operators cannot trace the call
back to the location.
  Social Networking
 Social networking sites
including Facebook, Twitter
and LinkedIn allow users to
rapidly generate content for
people in their network to
view. Rather than sending
individual notes, social
networking provides a
constant stream of updates
and information. These
computer tools have taken
communication a step
further than email due to
their ability to instantly
communicate life and status
updates to an entire
network of people who can
respond and comment to
such notes in real time.
 6. Data Mining
 We can simply define data
mining as a process that involves
searching, collecting, filtering
and analyzing the data. It is
important to understand that
this is not the standard or
accepted definition. But the
above definition caters to the
whole process. A large amount of
data can be retrieved from
various websites and databases.
It can be retrieved in form of data
relationships, co-relations, and
patterns. With the advent of
computers, internet, and large
databases it is possible to collect
large amounts of data. The data
collected may be analyzed
steadily and help identify
relationships and find solutions
to the existing problems.
 7. Fuzzy Logic
 Fuzzy inference is the derivation
of a new conclusion from inference
rules stored in a knowledge base
and given facts, but it differs from
normal inference in that all of the
variables in the propositions are
fuzzy variables, that is, they are
constructed from ambiguous
information. Ambiguous linguistic
information is expressed by a
characteristic function such as a
membership function. Fuzzy logic
functions are different from two-
valued logic and many-valued
logic in that, essentially, an
infinite number can be defined,
but only between 10 and 20 types
are widely known. Fuzzy
memories save membership
functions or sampled membership
functions. In other words, they
save and retrieve information in
single units of fuzzy words. The
structure of a fuzzy memory
device is shown.
 8. Space Technology
 Computers have a major role
in space research. Computers
help in design, assembly of
each and every part of a
rocket. Computers help in
simulating the way engine
works, the aerodynamics, and
flow of fuels, even they can
simulate the entire mission
and look for any possible
problems. Computers help in
contacting and executing
commands on a spacecraft,
satellite, rover, etc. Computers
are used to process the large
sets of data obtained from
astronomical observations and
derive meaningful information
from the data. So, without
computers the space race
wouldn't have seen this much
advancements.
 9. Environment
 The acceleration of scientific
achievement in the last few
decades was enabled by
computers. During this time
significant changes have begun
to occur in our natural
environment as a result of
technological development,
social changes, and the massive
production and consumption of
computing equipment. The
lifetime of a computer -
production, use, and disposal -
makes it closely tied to the
environment. Its production
involves trace metals and other
substances that pose health
hazards in the handling toxics
in production and end-of-life
processes.
 9.1 Personal Use-
Individual use it at home
as laptops, desktops to
store personal
information, pictures,
movies. It finds it uses
with browser based
applications like internet
surfing topping the chart
on its personal use.
 9.2 Corporate Use- Businesses
need computers for everything
now. Software companies have
computers as their soul
and website designing,
application building attract
clients like governments, banks
and even non-profit
organizations. It is the
competitive instinct of business
that has led to so many advances
in computer technology and
system design. Word processing
creates a wide range of
documents like memos, public
relations materials, legal
documents, and in publishing
work too which corresponds to
advertising also.
 9.3 Human Resource
department- Computers find
their utility in maintaining
huge data collection in private
firms like recruitment
companies, FMCGs, sales and
marketing industries. The
payroll, points of customer,
details like social security
number are today all managed,
secured and maintained in a
computer. Financial and
accounting systems are also
used to take care of these
departments using spread
sheet or database management
software. For businesses, it is
important to take care of
company’s strategy, need of
customers, workforce and
budget given to technology.
 10. Education
 Importance of Computer in
Education. Computers have
changed the way we work, be it
any profession. Therefore, it is
only natural that the role of
computers in education has been
given a lot of importance in recent
years. Computers play a vital role
in every field. They aid industrial
processes, they find application in
medicine; they are the reason why
software industries developed and
flourished and they play an
important role in education. This
is also why the education system
has made computer education a
part of school curriculum.
Considering the use of computer
technology is almost every sphere
of life, it is important for everyone
to have at least the basic
knowledge of using computers.
Let's look at what role computer
technology plays in the education
sector
 11. Business
 The Importance of Computer
In Business. Computer speed
up the business processes and
systems with top quality.
Today’s world computer is
important to use to start an
online and offline business. A
computer is important to use a
business to automate the
manufacturing, marketing and
distribution process. Computers
help business to collect manages,
calculate arrange, and visualize
customer data and information
by use computer applications
such as Microsoft Excel, Word,
Powerpoint and Tally. A
computer helps to communicate
faster with the customer by
using the internet, online
communication tools and
internet phone system.
 11.1 The Application of
Computers in Banking Sector
 It further describes the need and
importance for banks makes use of
Micro Computers for effective
utilization and storage of data. The
use of computer in the banking sector
can be an efficient tool in speeding up
the process and cutting the price of
creating and undertaking figure
works. There are numerous benefits
of Computer in the Banking Sector
such as: Bring about simplicity in
term of worrying condition. Reduce
stress of work and consuming less in
the bank. This work shall be of vital
benefit to the financial sectors, on an
effective use of computer in
delivering precise data. A computer
is a programmable electronic
machine that performs high-speed
mathematical or logical operation or
otherwise process information.
 11.2 Finance
 Information technology has
many uses in finance. From
trading financial instruments
to keep record of personal
budgets to reporting the
earnings of a business,
computer technology is used by
financial companies daily.
Information technology allows
the rapid calculation of
financial statistics, as well as
electronic transfer of money.
Financial trading is enhanced
with information technology.
Some computer systems even
trade for the users. A system is
programmed to enter buy and
sell orders when the price of a
stock or bond reaches a certain
level, and automatically closes
the order when the target price
or the stop-loss is reached.
 1.Actuarial science
 It is the discipline that applies
mathematical and statistical
methods to assess risk in
insurance, finance and other
industries and professions.
Actuaries are professionals trained
in this discipline. Actuarial science
includes a number of interrelated
subjects including mathematics,
probability, theory, statistics,
finance, economics, and computer
science. Historically, actuarial
science used deterministic models
in the construction of tables and
premiums. In the 18th and 19th
centuries, calculations were
performed without computers. The
calculations of life insurance
premiums and reserving
requirements are rather complex,
and actuaries developed techniques
to make the calculations as easy as
possible, for example "commutation
functions".
 2. Agricultural Engineering
 It is the engineering agricultural
production and processing. It is
combines the disciplines of
mechanical, civil, electrical and
chemical engineering principles
with knowledge of agricultural
principles according to
technological principles. A key
goal of this discipline is to
improve efficacy and
sustainability of agricultural
practices. Agricultural
Engineering is related to
computing because agricultural
engineering is engage with some
areas like climatology which
experiments the climate then
input the data to computer and
process.
 3. Biomedical applications
 It is often involve the integration of a
synthetic device, whether for
interrogation or manipulation, with a
living, biological organism. The resulting
system of a synthetic device working
with an organism can be considered a
hybrid system, a system that combines
traditionally dissimilar technologies to
form a superior, multifunctional system.
This chapter reviews recent research in
developing hybrid systems
involving microfabrication and live
organisms. Microfabrication has
traditionally been synonymous
with semiconductor manufacturing, the
process used to mass produce electronic
devices including everything from
individual transistors to highly complex
integrated circuits. In the past two
decades, the once singular application of
microfabrication has been expanded to
include devices for micro-
electromechanical systems (MEMS),
microphotonics, and microfluidics.
 4. Civil Engineering
 It is a professional engineering
discipline that deals with the design,
construction, and maintenance of the
physical and naturally built
environment, including public works
such as roads, bridges, canals, dams,
airports, sewerage systems, pipelines,
structural components of buildings,
and railways. Civil engineering is
traditionally broken into a number of
sub-disciplines. It is considered the
second-oldest engineering discipline
after military engineering and it is
defined to distinguish non-military
engineering from military
engineering. Civil engineering takes
place in the public sector from
municipal through to national
governments, and in the private
sector from individual homeowners
through to international companies.
 5. Computer Engineering is a
branch of engineering that
integrates several fields of
computer science and electronic
engineering required to develop
computer hardware and software.
Computer engineering usually have
training in electronic engineering,
software design, and hardware-
software integration instead of only
software engineering or electronic
engineering. Computer engineers
are involved in many hardware and
software aspects of computing, from
the design of individual
microprocessors, personal
computers, and supercomputers, to
circuit design. This field of
engineering not only focuses on
how computer systems themselves
work but also how they integrate
into the larger picture.
 6. Crime Forecasting is a planning tool
that helps to manage crime in our society
in different way, crime is the breaking of
rules or law for which some governing
authority can ultimately prescribe a
conviction. Crimes may also results in
cautions, rehabilitation or be unenforced.
By the help of crime forecast we can
reduce crime in our society. Crime
forecasting is not widely practiced by ods
are of little use in predicting the behavior
of 1 police while there are numerous
econometric studies individual serial
criminals. Crime forecasting, using of
crime or incorporating crime in the
literature, one methods such as those
studied in this journal, did not hard-
pressed to find police departments or
other become relevant until two things
occurred. First, the police organizations
making regular use of forecast-
criminality of places was established
based on econometric or extrapolative for
deployment theories such as routine
activities (Cohen & Felson).
 6.1 PNP
 The Philippine National
Police (Filipino: Pambansang Pulisya
ng Pilipinas, abbreviated PNP) is the
armed, civilian national police force in
the Philippines. Its national
headquarters is at Camp
Crame in Quezon City, Metro Manila
and it has 170,000 personnel. It is
administered and controlled by
the National Police Commission and is
part of the Department of the Interior
and Local Government (DILG). Local
police officers are operationally
controlled by municipal mayors. DILG,
on the other hand, organizes, trains
and equips the PNP for the
performance of police functions as a
police force that is national in scope
and civilian in character. The creation
of DICTM is the PNP’s response to the
call of the national government to
improve the quality of life of the
people through ICT.
 18. Data Mining is the pro of
discovering patterns in large data
sets involving methods at the
intersection of machine learning,
statistics and database systems.
Data mining is an interdisciplinary
subfield of computer science and
statistics with an overall goal to
extract information from a data set
and transform the information into
a comprehensible structure for
further use. Data mining is the
analysis step of the “knowledge
discovery in databases” process or
KDD. Aside from the raw analysis
step, it also involves database and
data management aspects, data pre-
processing, model and inference
considerations, interestingness
metrics, complexity consideration,
post-processing of discovered
structures, visualization and online
updating.
 19. Environmental
engineering is a professional
engineering discipline that takes
from broad scientific topics like
chemistry, biology, ecology, geology,
hydraulics, hydrology, microbiology,
and mathematics to create solutions
that will protect and also improves
the health of living organisms and
improve the quality of the
environment. Environmental
engineering is a sub-discipline
of civil engineering and chemical
engineering. Environmental
engineering is the application of
scientific and engineering principles
to improve and maintain the
environment to: protect human
health,protect nature's beneficial
ecosystems and improve
environmental-related enhancement
of the quality of human life
 20. Fault tolerance is the
property that enables a system to
continue operating properly in
the event of the failure of (or one
or more faults within) some of its
components. If its operating
quality decreases at all, the
decrease is proportional to the
severity of the failure, as
compared to a naively designed
system, in which even a small
failure can cause total
breakdown. Fault tolerance is
particularly sought after in high-
availability or life-critical
systems. The ability of
maintaining functionality when
portions of a system break down
is referred to as graceful
degradation.
 21. Feature selection, also known
as variable selection, attribute
selection or variable subset
selection, is the process of selecting
a subset of
relevant features (variables,
predictors) for use in model
construction. Feature selection
techniques are used for several
reasons: simplification of models to
make them easier to interpret by
researchers/users, shorter training
times, to avoid the curse of
dimensionality, enhanced
generalization by reducing over
fitting. The central premise when
using a feature selection technique
is that the data contains some
features that are
either redundant or irrelevant, and
can thus be removed without
incurring much loss of information.
 22. Image processing is the
use of computer algorithms to
perform image processing
on digital images. As a
subcategory or field of digital
signal processing, digital image
processing has many
advantages over analog image
processing. It allows a much
wider range of algorithms to be
applied to the input data and
can avoid problems such as the
build-up of noise and signal
distortion during processing.
Since images are defined over
two dimensions (perhaps more)
digital image processing may
be modeled in the form
of multidimensional systems.
 23. Machine
industry or machinery
industry is a subsector of
the industry, that produces and
maintain machines for
consumers, the industry, and
most other companies in the
economy. This machine industry
traditionally belongs to the heavy
industry. Nowadays, many
smaller companies in this branch
are considered part of the light
industry. Most manufacturers in
the machinery industry are
called machine factories. The
machine industry is a subsector
of the industry that produces a
range of products from power
tools, different types of machines,
and domestic
technology to factory equipment
etc.
 24. Materials science, also commonly
termed materials science and
engineering is the design and discovery
of new materials, particularly solids.
The intellectual origins of materials
science stem from the Enlightenment,
when researchers began to use
analytical thinking
from chemistry, physics,
and engineering to understand
ancient, phenomenological observations
in metallurgy and mineralogy. Materials
science still incorporates elements of
physics, chemistry, and engineering. As
such, the field was long considered by
academic institutions as a sub-field of
these related fields. Beginning in the
1940s, materials science began to be
more widely recognized as a specific and
distinct field of science and engineering,
and major technical universities around
the world created dedicated schools of
the study, within either the Science or
Engineering schools, hence the naming.
 25. Mechanical Engineering is the
discipline that applies engineering,
physics, engineering mathematics
and materials science principles to
design, analyze, manufacture and
maintain mechanical systems. It is
one of the oldest and broadest of
the engineering disciplines. The
mechanical engineering field requires
an understanding of core areas
including mechanics, dynamics,
thermodynamics, materials science,
structural analysis and electricity. In
addition to these core principles,
mechanical engineers use tools such
as computer-aided manufacturing
(CAM) and product life cycle
management to design and analyze
manufacturing plants, industrial
equipment and machinery, heating
and cooling systems, transport
systems, aircraft, watercraft, robotics,
medical devices, weapons and others.
It is the branch of engineering that
involves the design, production and
operation of machinery.
 26. Medical
diagnosis (abbreviated Dx or
DS) is the process of
determining which disease or
condition explains a
person's symptoms and signs.
It is most often referred to
as diagnosis with
the medical context being
implicit. The information
required for diagnosis is
typically collected from
a history and physical
examination of the person
seeking medical care. Often,
one or more diagnostic
procedures, such as medical
tests, are also done during the
process.
Sometimes posthumous
diagnosis is considered a kind
of medical diagnosis.
 27.
Nanotechnology ("nanotech")
is manipulation of matter on
an atomic, molecular,
and supramolecular scale. The
earliest, widespread description
of nanotechnology referred to the
particular technological goal of
precisely manipulating atoms
and molecules for fabrication of
macroscale products, also now
referred to as molecular
nanotechnology. A more
generalized description of
nanotechnology was
subsequently established by
the National Nanotechnology
Initiative, which defines
nanotechnology as the
manipulation of matter with at
least one dimension sized from 1
to 100 nanometers.
 28. Pattern recognition is the
automated recognition of patterns
and regularities in data. Pattern
recognition is closely related
to artificial intelligence and machine
learning, together with applications
such as data mining and knowledge
discovery in databases (KDD), and is
often used interchangeably with these
terms. However, these are
distinguished: machine learning is
one approach to pattern recognition,
while other approaches include hand-
crafted (not learned) rules
or heuristics; and pattern recognition
is one approach to artificial
intelligence, while other approaches
include symbolic artificial
intelligence. A modern definition of
pattern recognition is: The field of
pattern recognition is concerned with
the automatic discovery of
regularities in data through the use
of computer algorithms and with the
use of these regularities to take
actions such as classifying the data
into different categories
 29. Signal processing is
an electrical engineering
subfield that focuses on
analyzing, modifying and
synthesizing signals such
as sound, images and
biological
measurements. Signal
processing techniques can be
used to improve transmission,
storage efficiency and
subjective quality and to also
emphasize or detect
components of interest in a
measured signal. The
categories are: Analog,
Continuous Time, Discrete
Time, Digital, Nonlinear and
Statistical.
 30. Machining is an industrial process that is
used in the fields of industrial machinery,
automotive, etc...In an industrial environment,
this manufacturing process is not done as single
operation. Machining involves several
operations such as turning, milling, drilling,
grinding, etc. It is developed through a set of
operations. The machining is the development of
different pieces through removing of material
parts... Two of the methods to remove the
material are the machining and abrasion. If the
material is removed by abrasion, the machining
uses the tool again and again. The material will
wear in small amounts until the desired result
is achieved. The tool used in this process is
formed by particles of a material with a high
abrasive power. During machining through chip
removal, a tool is used which comprises one or
more blades. This tool performs processes
roughing and finishing. During roughing the
accuracy decreases, so the finishing process is
used to complete the surface finish of the work-
piece. In this way, the pieces have a clean and
quality finishing.