CONTENT

• FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND ITS APPLICATION TO ADIABATIC

• ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
• CYCLIC AND FREE EXPANSION
• REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS
• SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
• CARNOT ENGINE/THEOREM
• HEAT ENGINE
• REFRIGERATORS
• CALCULATION OF EFFICIENCY OF A HEAT ENGINE
1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

• WHEN HEAT ENERGY ADDED TO A SYSTEM THIS ENERGY APPEARS AS AN INCREASE IN THE
INTERNAL ENERGY STORED IN THE SYSTEM AND REMAINING ENERGY IS USED TO CONVERT IN
A W.D BY THE SYSTEM TO THE SURROUNDINGS.
 APPLICATIONS OF
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
• FOR ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
THE TOTAL ENERGY GIVES TO THE SYSTEM ISOTHERMALLY ONLY TO DO SOME WORK
DONE WITHOUT ANY CHANGE IN THEIR ENERGY. IN WHICH THE TEMPERATURE REMAINS
CONSTANT: ΔT =0.
• FOR ADIABATIC PROCESS
AN ADIABATIC PROCESS IS ONE IN WHICH NO HEAT IS GAINED OR LOST BY THE
SYSTEM. FOR EXAMPLE
 2ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
THE *KELVIN-PLANK STATEMENT OF THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
IS STATES THAT:
“IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO FOR ANY DEVICE AS HEAT ENGINE THAT
OPERATES ON A CYCLE TO RECEIVE HEAT FROM A SINGLE
RESERVOIR AND PRODUCE NET AMOUNT OF WORK.”

*LORD KELVIN (1824-1907)

 ISOTHERMAL PROCESS

• THE "ISOTHERMAL PROCESS", WHICH IS THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS IN WHICH THE

TEMPERATURE OF A SYSTEM REMAINS CONSTANT. THE TRANSFER OF HEAT INTO OR OUT OF
THE SYSTEM HAPPENS SO SLOWLY THAT THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM IS MAINTAINED.
 REVERSIBLE PROCESS

• A THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS IS REVERSIBLE

IF THE PROCESS CAN RETURN BACK IN SUCH A
THAT BOTH THE SYSTEM AND THE
SURROUNDINGS RETURN TO THEIR ORIGINAL
STATES, WITH NO OTHER CHANGE ANYWHERE
ELSE IN THE UNIVERSE. IT MEANS BOTH SYSTEM
AND SURROUNDINGS ARE RETURNED TO THEIR
INITIAL STATES AT THE END OF THE REVERSE
PROCESS.
 TYPES OF REVERSIBLE PROCESS
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF REVERSIBLE PROCESS
• INTERNALLY REVERSIBLE PROCESS
THE PROCESS IS INTERNALLY REVERSIBLE IF
NO IRREVERSIBILITY OCCUR WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES
OF THE SYSTEM. IN THESE PROCESSES, A SYSTEM
UNDERGOES THROUGH A SERIES OF EQUILIBRIUM
STATES, AND WHEN THE PROCESS REVERSES, THE
SYSTEM PASSES THROUGH EXACTLY THE SAME
EQUILIBRIUM STATES WHILE RETURNING TO ITS INITIAL
STATE.
• EXTERNALLY REVERSIBLE PROCESS
IN EXTERNALLY REVERSIBLE PROCESS
NO IRREVERSIBILITY OCCUR OUTSIDE THE SYSTEM
BOUNDARIES DURING THE PROCESS. HEAT
TRANSFER BETWEEN A RESERVOIR AND A SYSTEM
IS AN EXTERNALLY REVERSIBLE PROCESS IF THE
SURFACE OF CONTACT BETWEEN THE SYSTEM
AND RESERVOIR IS AT THE SAME TEMPERATURE.
 IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS

•IT IS A PROCESS IN WHICH A SYSTEM

AND SURROUNDINGS CANNOT
RETAIN ITS INITIAL STATE.
 *CARNOT ENGINE

• AN IDEAL REVERSIBLE CLOSED THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE IN WHICH THE

WORKING SUBSTANCE GOES THROUGH THE FOUR SUCCESSIVE OPERATIONS
OF ISOTHERMAL EXPANSION TO A DESIRED POINT, ADIABATIC EXPANSION TO
A DESIRED POINT, ISOTHERMAL COMPRESSION, AND ADIABATIC
COMPRESSION BACK TO ITS INITIAL STATE.

*NICOLAS LÉONARD SADI CARNOT WAS A FRENCH MILITARY SCIENTIST AND PHYSICIST, OFTEN
DESCRIBED AS THE "FATHER OF THERMODYNAMICS"
CARNOT ENGINE GRAPHICALLY
 HEAT ENGINE

• HEAT ENGINE IS A SYSTEM THAT

CONVERTS HEAT OR THERMAL ENERGY—
AND CHEMICAL ENERGY MECHANICAL
ENERGY, WHICH CAN THEN BE USED TO DO
MECHANICAL WORK. IT DOES THIS BY
BRINGING A WORKING SUBSTANCE FROM A
HIGHER STATE TEMPERATURE TO A LOWER
STATE TEMPERATURE.
 REFRIGERATORS
• ACCORDING TO THE SECOND LAW
OF THERMODYNAMICS HEAT CANNOT
SPONTANEOUSLY FLOW FROM A
COLDER LOCATION TO A HOTTER AREA;
WORK IS REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE THIS. ...
SIMILARLY, A REFRIGERATOR MOVES
HEAT FROM INSIDE THE COLD ICEBOX
(THE HEAT SOURCE) TO THE WARMER
ROOM-TEMPERATURE AIR OF THE
KITCHEN (THE HEAT SINK).
 EFFICIENCY OF A HEAT ENGINE

• THE MAXIMUM THEORETICAL EFFICIENCY OF

A HEAT ENGINE (WHICH NO ENGINE EVER
ATTAINS) IS EQUAL TO THE TEMPERATURE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE HOT AND COLD
ENDS DIVIDED BY THE TEMPERATURE AT THE
HOT END, EACH EXPRESSED IN ABSOLUTE
TEMPERATURE (KELVIN).