NMR properties of fluids

Since the protons examined in petro physical applications with

laboratory and borehole instruments are associated with fluids
saturating porous rocks ,it is appropriate to look at some of the
properties of fluids to note their relation to NMR-measured properties.
For fluids there are four quantities of interest for NMR measurements:

1- the hydrogen index,

2- water,

3- crude oil

4- gas
 Hydrogen Index

Since the magnitude of the NMR signal will depend on the proton
density associated with the fluids. Using NMR logging tools to
determine the porosity of a hydrocarbon reservoir is based on
calibrations of the tools with respect to known volumes of water.
Such calibrations require that the NMR signal per unit volume of
each saturating fluid be known Thus it is convenient to introduce
the term hydrogen index (HI) to quantify the atomic hydrogen
densities of oil or gas relative to that of an equal volume of water.

𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒

HI=
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
 Hydrogen Index
 the HI is reduced as the concentration of
NaCl increases in the brine Also, Oil field
brines exhibit a wide variation in salinity. At
low salinity, the HI of brine is approximately 1,
but at high salinity, the HI can be reduced by
as much as 10%.

HI vs salinity
 Water

At room temperatures and at the low magnetic

fields used in NMR well logging, the T1 and T2
values of bulk water are in the range of 1 to 3
seconds. but could be somewhat reduced to
around a second, depending on the presence of
dissolved oxygen (paramagnetic, Ferromagnetic
and/or paramagnetic ions (such as iron or
manganese) can greatly reduce the T1 and T2
values of brine.
 Viscosity Correlations for Crude Oils
 T2 of crude oil is a distribution of values rather than a single value and depends
on viscosity . As viscosity increases, the hydrogen protons become less mobile
and thus relax more quickly. The T 2 of crude oil varies with viscosity, as shown
in fig 4 these T 2 distributions for three oil samples. Crude oils have equal T1 and
T2 at low viscosity and can be correlated with the ratio of viscosity /temperature
 Gas
The primary component of natural gas is methane Pure ethane and
propane gas have relaxation times that are longer than that of
methane ,especially when correlated with molar density . Carbon
dioxide and nitrogen do not have protons but their presence in
mixtures with methane results in a reduction of the relaxation time of
methane compared to the correlation for for pure methane based on
mass density