Preparation and

Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
Instructional Materials
Educational resources used to improve
students’ knowledge , abilities, and skills, to
monitor their assimilation of information, and
to contribute to their overall development
and upbringing.
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
Instructional Materials may be
operationally defined as especially designed
classroom tools which contain instructions to
learners and teachers, and which specify
each increment of learning:
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
the content to be learned; the
techniques of presentation;
practice and use of that content;
and the modes of teaching
associated with those techniques
(Johnson, RELC Journal )
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
Instructional materials generally
serve as the basis for much of the
language input learners receive and
the language practice that occurs in
the classroom (Richards)
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
IMs are an important element
within the curriculum and are
often the most tangible and
visible aspect of it (Nunan,
1991)
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
They can provide a detailed
specification of content, even
in the absence of the syllabus
(Richards and Rodgers, 1986)
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
They can define the goals of
the syllabus, and the roles of
the teachers and the learner
within the instructional
process (Wright, 1987)
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
ROLES OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Cunningsworth (1995) summarizes the role of
materials (particularly course books) in
language teaching as a:
• resource for presentation materials
• source of activities for learner practice and
communicative interaction
• reference source for learners on grammar,
vocabulary, pronunciation, etc.
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
ROLES OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
• source of stimulation and ideas for
classroom activities • syllabus (where they
reflect learning objectives which have
already been determined) • support for less
experienced teachers who have yet to
gain in confidence in the language
classroom
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
Dudley-Evans and St. John (1998)
suggest that for teachers of ESP
courses, materials serve the
following functions: • as a
source of language • as a
learning support • for motivation
and stimulation • for reference
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
BASIC PRINCIPLES IN MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT
(Tomlinson, 1998)
1. Materials should achieve impact.
2. Materials should help learners to feel at
ease.
3.Materials should help learners to develop
confidence.
4. What is being taught should be perceived
by learners as relevant and useful
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
BASIC PRINCIPLES IN MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT
(Tomlinson, 1998)
5. Materials should require and facilitate
learner self-investment.
6. Learners must be ready to acquire the
points being taught.
7.Materials should expose the learners
to language in authentic use.
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
BASIC PRINCIPLES IN MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT
(Tomlinson, 1998)
8. The learners’ attention should be drawn to
linguistic features of the input.
9.Materials should provide the learners with
opportunities to use the target language to
achieve communicative competence.
10. Materials should take into account that
the positive effects of instruction are usually
delayed.
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
BASIC PRINCIPLES IN MATERIALS
DEVELOPMENT (Tomlinson, 1998)
11. Materials should take into account
that learners differ in learning styles. •
12. Materials should take into account
that learners differ in affective attitudes.
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
BASIC PRINCIPLES IN MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT
(Tomlinson, 1998)
13. Materials should permit a silent period
at the beginning of instruction.
14. Materials should maximize learning
potential by encouraging intellectual,
aesthetic and emotional involvement
which stimulates both right and left brain
activities.
.
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
BASIC PRINCIPLES IN MATERIALS
DEVELOPMENT (Tomlinson, 1998)
15. Materials should not rely too much
on controlled practice. •
16. Materials should provide
opportunities for outcome
feedback.
.
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
BENEFITS OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
TEACHERS
• Provide materials for presentation of
new items for reinforcement, consolidation
and practice.
• Provide materials for teaching particular
skills, particular areas of languages and
other special difficulties.
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
BENEFITS OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
TEACHERS
• Guide the teacher on the methods and
techniques in introducing the lessons and
the series of exercises for teaching the
concepts.
• Give them more opportunity to make
the best use of their time and skills to do
more real teaching.
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
BENEFITS OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
STUDENTS
•Concretize the syllabus
• Opportunity for individual work in or
outside the classroom
• Follow a course of study with little
help from teachers.
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials

TYPES OF INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
TEXTBOOK
* Main reference for the entire course
usually chosen by the school
* Reflects the minimum learning
competencies for specific levels
* Arranged in units or chapters which
can be labeled according to themes,
topics, skills, for every day lessons
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
TEXTBOOK
grammar structures or
functions depending on the
syllabus type followed
*Contains readings, teaching
points, drills, activities, and
tasks fo
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
WORKBOOK/ SKILLBOOK
Usually accompanies the textbook
 Provides exercises and drills on
specific skills in listening, speaking,
reading, and writing
 Presents reinforcement and remedial
activities to support lessons in the
textbooks
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
TEACHER’S BOOK/ TEACHER’S MANUAL/
TEACHER’S GUIDE
 Contains a detailed rationale for textbook
 Explain the scope and the sequence for the
lessons
 Includes introductory notes on how to use the
textbooks, specific objectives for each lessons and
suggested strategies for teaching the lessons 
 Provides guidance in planning the lessons from
materials to suggested activities
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
WORKTEXT
 Combines the features of the textbooks
and workbooks
Provides teaching points like those in the
textbook
 Reinforces the teaching points with
many drills and exercises just like those
that contain an A-Z or practical
suggestions for teaching
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
MODULE and SELF- LEARNING KIT (SLK)
 More interactive than the other types of
written IMs that appear in the workbook
 Develops independent study through
self-paced instruction
Contains post-test, pre-test, lesson
inputs, exercises and drills—provisions for
self-paced learning
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
REFERENCE BOOK
Provides general information
on various topics
 Includes encyclopedia,
dictionary, atlas, manuals,
etc.
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
Audio and Visual materials
*accessible through various
media like radio, television, and
the computer
*also includes interactive
courseware on various topics
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
Values and Importance of Instructional
Materials
To help clarify important concepts.
To arouse and sustain student’s interests. To
give all students in a class the opportunity to share
experiences necessary for new learning.
To help make learning more permanent.
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
Criteria For Selection of Instructional
Materials
Appropriateness
Authenticity
Interest
Organization and Balance
Cost
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
Basic Guidelines in the Use of Instructional
Materials
Selecting the materials.
Preparing the class for the audiovisual materials.
Guiding the pupils through the audiovisual
experience.
Following up the audiovisual experience after its
completion
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
Various Roles of Instructional Materials
in the Different Modes of
Teaching/Learning:
1. Mass Instruction
2. Individualized Learning
3. Group Learning
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
Kinds of Instructional Materials
I. Printed Materials
a. Textbooks
b. Supplemental materials
1. Workbooks
2. Duplicated Outlines
3. Teacher-prepared study guides
4. Reference Books
5. Pamphlets
6. Magazine Articles
7. Newspapers
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
II. Audio Aids
1. Radio
2. Phonograph
3. Tape Recorders
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
III. Visual Aids
A. Chalkboard
B. Still Pictures
1. Non-projected
a. photographs
b. illustrations
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
2. Projected
a. Slides
b. Filmstrips
c. Opaque projections
d. Overhead Projections
e. LCD projections
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
C. Graphic Materials
1. Charts
2. Graphs
3. Maps and Globes
4. Posters
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
D. Exhibits
1. School-made displays
2. Bulletin boards
3. Museums
E. Flannel board and Felt board.
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
F. Objects
1. Specimens
2. Realias
3. Models
IV. Audiovisual Aids
1. Motion pictures
2. Television
3. Videotape
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
V. Demonstrations
VI. Community Resources
1. Field trips
2. Resource Person
VII. Language laboratory
VIII. Programmed Instruction
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
TYPES OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS (Leus, 2002)
Realia and Representations of Realia
tools utensils documents
costumes dolls art objects
coins textiles stamps
collections facsimile models
exhibits dioramas instruments
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
III. Pictures and Pictorial Representatives
photographs drawings
slides transparencies
still pictures post cards
study prints albums
scrap books collages
murals videos story boards
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
IV. Symbolic and Graphic Representations
maps charts
chalkboard globes
atlases posters
cartoons posters
diagrams graphs
bulletin board flannel board
time lines
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
V. Microcomputer Resources
hardware printer
graphics tablet voice synthesizer
software modem
trackball mouse
networks scanner
joystick touch window
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
II. Sound and Visual Resources
films television
video VCR
Camcorder Still video camera
Compact discs Cameras
FAX machine
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
III. Pictures and Pictorial Representatives
photographs drawings slides
transparencies still pictures post cards
study prints albums scrap books
collages murals
videos story boards
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
IV. Symbolic and Graphic Representations
maps charts chalkboard
globes atlases posters
cartoons posters diagrams
graphs bulletin board
flannel board time lines
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
V. Microcomputer Resources
hardware printer graphics tablet
voice synthesizer software
modem trackball mouse
networks scanner joystick
touch window
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
VI. Projectors, Viewers, Players, Recorders
slide tape LCD projector
Film strips Opaque Overhead
video VI. Projectors, Viewers, Players,
Recorders slide tape LCD projector Film
strips Opaque Overhead video
 Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials
VII. Resources for Production of Media
lettering devices map outlines
transparencies slide making
chart making picture mounting
duplicating map making
photocopying
Preparation and Evaluation of
Instructional Materials