9-ARDESIA

Introduction to the six

trigonometric ratios
 In greek ‘Trig’ means
triangle and ‘metic’ is
for measurement. The
Trigonometric rations are
used to express
relationship between
angles and sides of a
right triangle ( a
triangle with one 90°
angle).

 The non-right angle is

usually designated by a
Introduction to the six
trigonometric ratios
 The side opposite to
right angle is designated
as hypotenuse.

 The side opposite to the

angle θ is labeled as
opposite side.

 The side (other than

hypotenuse) next to the
angle θ is the adjacent
side.
Introduction to the six
trigonometric ratios
 In right triangle
Trigonometry there are
six possible ratios
(functions). These six
possible ratios are:
◦ SINE ◦ SECANT
◦ ◦
COSINE COSECANT
◦ ◦
TANGENT COTANGENT
◦ SINE ( sin ◦ SECANT
ℎ𝑦𝑝
) 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃=
𝑎𝑑𝑗
𝑜𝑝𝑝
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃= ◦ COSECANT
ℎ𝑦𝑝
ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃=
𝑜𝑝𝑝
◦ COSINE
𝑎𝑑𝑗
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃= ◦ COTANGENT
ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑎𝑑𝑗
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃=
𝑜𝑝𝑝
◦ TANGENT
𝑜𝑝𝑝
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃=
𝑎𝑑𝑗
Introduction to the six
trigonometric ratios
 These six ratios
represent all the ways to
compare two sides of a
right triangle. Notice
that cosecant is the
reciprocal of sine,
secant is the reciprocal
of cosine and cotangent
is the reciprocal of
tangent. The hypotenuse
will never vary in its
location however, the
opposite and adjacent
Definitions of the six
functions
 Consider the right
triangle on the left. For
each angle P or Q, there
are six functions, each
function is the ratio of
two sides of the
 In the following table
triangle. The only
difference between the
 a is the length of the
six functions is which
side adjacent to the
pair of sides we use.
angle (x) in question.
 o is the length of the
side opposite the angle.
Soh Cah Toa
 These 9 letters are a
memory aid to remember
the ratios for the three
primary functions - sin,
cos and tan. Pronounced a
bit like "soaka towa".

 Sine is Opposite over

Hypotenuse

 Cosine is Adjacent over

Hypotenuse
Trigonometric ratios of
Special Angles
 Until now, we have used the calculator to
evaluate the sine, cosine, and tangent of
an angle. However, it is possible to
evaluate the trig functions for certain
angles without using a calculator.

 This is because there are two special

triangles whose side ratios we know!
These two triangles are the 45-45-90
triangle and the 30-60-90 triangle.
The special triangles
30-60-90 triangles
 A 30-60-90 triangle is
a right triangle with
a 30 , degree degree
angle and a 60, degree
degree angle.

 The hypotenuse is
twice as long as the
shortest leg
 The longer leg is
the square root 3
times the shorter
leg
The special triangles
45-45-90 triangles
 A 45-45-90 triangle is
a right triangle with
two 45 degree degree
angles.

 The hypotenuse is
the square root of
two times longer
than either leg