THE GROUP 8

RIDWAN PRATAMA YUDHA

(1717041046)
DHEA AMANDA
(1717041047)
Sound
 Definition of Sound

Sound is a wave created by vibrating objects and

propagated through a medium from one location to
another.
 If a tree falls in a forest, and there is
no one there to hear it, does it make a
sound?

Sound is a physical
disturbance in a medium.

Based on our definition, there IS

sound in the forest, whether a
human is there to hear it or not!.

A person to hear it is not required. The

medium (air) is required!
What type of waves are sound
waves?
Review: Sound is a mechanical wave
• The sound wave is transported
from one location to another by
means of particle-to-particle
interaction.
• If the sound wave is moving
through air, then as one air particle
is displaced from its equilibrium
position, it exerts a push or pull on
its nearest neighbors, causing them
to be displaced from their
equilibrium position.
• Since a sound wave is a
disturbance that is transported
through a medium via the
mechanism of particle-to-particle
interaction, a sound wave is
characterized as a mechanical
wave.
 Check your understanding:

A sound wave is different than a light wave in that a

sound wave is
a. produced by a vibrating object and a light wave is not.
b. not capable of traveling through a vacuum.
c. not capable of diffracting and a light wave is.
d. capable of existing with a variety of frequencies and a
light wave has a single frequency.
When a tuning fork vibrates, it creates areas of high pressure
(compressions) and low pressure (rarefactions). As the tines of
the fork vibrate back and forth, they push on neighboring air
particles. The forward motion of a tine pushes air molecules
horizontally to the right and the backward retraction of the
tine creates a low-pressure area allowing the air particles to
move back to the left.
 Graphing a Sound Wave.

Sound as a pressure wave

The variation of pressure with distance is a useful way to represent a

sound wave graphically. But remember – sound is actually a longitudinal
wave.
 Check your understanding

A sound wave is a pressure wave; regions of high

pressure (compressions) and low pressure
(rarefactions) are established as the result of the
vibrations of the sound source. These compressions
and rarefactions result because sound
a. is more dense than air and thus has more inertia.
b. waves have a speed that is dependent only upon the
properties of the medium.
c. can be diffracted around obstacles.
d. vibrates longitudinally; the longitudinal movement
of air produces pressure fluctuations.
Frequency of Sound
The vibrating object that creates sound could be
the vocal cords of a person, the vibrating string
of a guitar or violin, the vibrating tines of a
tuning fork, or the vibrating diaphragm of a
radio speaker.
As a sound wave moves through a medium, each
particle of the medium vibrates at the same
frequency. This makes sense since each particle
vibrates due to the motion of its nearest
neighbor.
And of course the frequency at which each
particle vibrates is the same as the frequency of
the original source of the sound wave.
Frequency of Sound Example
A guitar string vibrating at 500 Hz will set the
air particles in the room vibrating at the same
frequency of 500 Hz, which carries a sound
signal to the ear of a listener, which is
detected as a 500 Hz sound wave.
 The frequency of sound

• We hear frequencies of sound as having different

pitch.
• A low frequency sound has a low pitch, like the
rumble of a big truck.
• A high-frequency sound has a high pitch, like a
whistle or siren.
• In speech, women have higher fundamental
frequencies than men.
 Frequency of Sound
• The human ear is capable of detecting sound
waves with a wide range of frequencies, ranging
between approximately 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz.
• Any sound with a frequency below the audible
range of hearing (less than 20 Hz) is known as an
infrasound.
• Any sound with a frequency above the audible
range of hearing (more than 20 000 Hz) is
known as an ultrasound.
Ultrasound?

Ultrasound is a medical imaging technique that uses

high frequency sound waves and their echoes. The
technique is similar to the echolocation used by bats,
whales and dolphins.
 How it works: Ultrasound
The ultrasound machine transmits high-frequency (1 to 5 megahertz)
sound pulses into your body using a probe.
The sound waves travel into your body and hit a boundary between
tissues (between fluid and soft tissue, soft tissue and bone).
Some of the sound waves get reflected back to the probe, while some
travel on further until they reach another boundary and get
reflected.
The reflected waves are picked up by the probe and relayed to the
machine.
The machine calculates the distance from the probe to the tissue or
organ (boundaries) using the speed of sound in tissue and the time
of the each echo's return (usually on the order of millionths of a
second).
The machine displays the distances and intensities of the echoes on the
screen, forming a two dimensional image like the one shown below.
What about animals?
Dogs can detect frequencies as low
as approximately 50 Hz and as
high as 45 000 Hz.
Cats can detect frequencies as low
as approximately 45 Hz and as
high as 85 000 Hz.
Frequency and music

Certain sound waves when played (and heard)

simultaneously will produce a particularly
pleasant sensation when heard. Such sound waves
form the basis of intervals in music.
For example, any two sounds whose frequencies
make a 2:1 ratio are said to be separated by an
octave and result in a particularly pleasing
sensation when heard. That is, two sound waves
sound good when played together if one sound
has twice the frequency of the other.
Loudness
Intensity

Intensity: the rate at which a wave’s energy flows

through an area
Sound intensity depends on
▫ Amplitude
▫ Distance from source
Measured in decibels (dB)
Loudness is sort of like
intensity, but…
Loudness is Subjective! (This means it depends
on the person who is hearing it.)
Loudness is a personal, physical response to the
intensity of sound.
As intensity increases, so does loudness, but
loudness also depends on the listener’s ears
and brain.
 Intensity is caused by the
Amplitude of the vibration

Example:
A vibrating guitar string forces surrounding air molecules to
be compressed and expanded.
The energy that is carried by the wave is imparted to the
medium by the vibrating string.
The amount of energy that is transferred to the medium is
dependent on the amplitude of vibrations of the guitar
string.
If more energy is put into the plucking of the string, then the
string vibrates with a greater amplitude. The greater
amplitude of vibration of the guitar string thus imparts
more energy to the medium, causing air particles to be
displaced a greater distance from their rest position.
The Decibel Scale:

The decibel (abbreviated dB) is the unit used

to measure the intensity of a sound. The
decibel scale is a little odd because the
human ear is incredibly sensitive. Your ears
can hear everything from your fingertip
brushing lightly over your skin to a loud jet
engine . In terms of power, the sound of the
jet engine is about 1,000,000,000,000 times
more powerful than the smallest audible
sound. That's a big difference!
The Decibel Scale

On the decibel scale, the smallest

audible sound (the threshold of
hearing) is 0 dB.
A sound 10 times more powerful is 10
dB.
A sound 100 times more powerful
than near total silence is 20 dB
A sound 1,000 times more powerful
than near total silence is 30 dB.
 Intensity (Loudness) is
measured in decibels:
Intensity # of Times
Source Level Greater Than TOH

Threshold of Hearing 0 dB 100

Rustling Leaves 10 dB 101
Whisper 20 dB 102
Normal Conversation 60 dB 106
Busy Street Traffic 70 dB 107
Vacuum Cleaner 80 dB 108
Large Orchestra 98 dB 109.8
Walkman at Maximum Level 100 dB 1010
Front Rows of Rock Concert 110 dB 1011
Threshold of Pain 130 dB 1013
Military Jet Takeoff 140 dB 1014
Instant Perforation of Eardrum 160 dB 1016
Check your understanding

A mosquito's buzz is often rated with

a decibel rating of 40 dB. Normal
conversation is often rated at 60
dB. How many times more intense
is normal conversation compared
to a mosquito's buzz?