Foundations of Planning

Key Concepts of
Environmental
Planning

CHRISTOPHER F. GILOS, PAE, REB, REA, EnP

What is Planning?
 What is Planning (in General)?
• Planning (Common Sense) – is the way of
thinking oriented towards the future that
anticipates change and designs solutions to
address expected difficulties and thereby
improve the quality of decision making.
– It is essentially problem solving – systematic
process of establishing ends (goals, policies,
outcomes) that define direction of future dev’t of
determining means and procedures to achieve the
end.
 What is Planning (in general)?
• Generic Planning – ‘ubiquitous’ – it can be done by
anyone, anytime, anywhere

• Professional Planning – governed by professional

principles, standards and laws.
– as an activity – visualize future possibilities
– as a process – refers to methods, mechanism and tools
– as a discipline – refers to body of knowledge (in the minds
of practitioners, researchers & theorists)
– as a profession – refers to group of individuals carrying
appropriate skills who fulfill an agreed upon social
responsibility to guide the processes
 What is Planning (in general)?
• Planning (Academic) – is a sequence of
deliberate purposeful actions designed to solve
problems systematically, by foreseeing and
guiding change through rational decisions,
reconciling private & public aims, and arbitrating
between competing social, economic and
physical forces.
– It allocates scarce resources, particularly land and
other resources, in such manner as to obtain the
maximum practicable efficiency and benefit for
individuals and for society as a whole, while
respecting the needs of Nature and the requirements
of a sustainable future
What is Environment (in general)?
• The factors and conditions (such as economic, legal, political,
and social circumstances) that generally affect everyone in
an industry or market in more or less similar manner.
(www.businessdictionary.com)
What is Environment (in general)?

Physical – Social – Economic – Political

 What is Environmental Planning (EnP)?

• EnP – refers to activities connected with the mgt.

and dev’t of land, as well as the preservation,
conservation and management of the human
environment – PD 1308, 3-2-78
– the objective is to liberate communities from urban blight
and congestion and promote ecological balance – PD 933
HSRC – HLURB
 What is Environmental Planning (EnP)?

• EnP – also known as urban and regional

planning (URP), city planning, town and
country planning, and/or human settlements
planning – refers to the multi-disciplinary art
and science of analyzing, specifying, clarifying,
harmonizing, managing and regulating
(CHARMS) the use and dev’t of land and water
resources, in relation to their environs, for the
development of sustainable communities and
ecosystems. - RA 10587 – 5/27/13
 Academic Definitions of Planning
• Planning is a deliberate, organized and continuous process of
identifying different elements and aspects of the environment,
determining their present state and interaction, projecting them in
concert throughout a period of time in the future and formulating
and programming a set of actions or interventions to attain desired
results.
– Planning pays particular attention to the location, form, intensity and
effect of human activities on the built and un-built environments,
anticipating change, and managing such change sustainably.

• URP refers to the scientific, orderly, and aesthetic disposition of

land, buildings, resources, facilities and communication routes, in
use and in development, with a view to obviating congestion and
securing the maximum practicable degree of economy, efficiency,
convenience, sound environment, beauty, health and well-being in
urban and rural communities" (Canadian Institute of Planners, ca.
1919)
 Academic Definitions of Planning
• URP is the unified development of urban communities and their environs and
of states, regions, and the nation as a whole, as expressed through
determination of the comprehensive arrangement of land uses and land
occupancy and their regulation” (American Institute of Certified Planners -
AICP)

• URP is an art of anticipating change, and arbitrating between the economic,

social, political and physical forces that determine the location, form, intensity,
and effect of urban development; it is concerned with providing the right site
at the right time, in the right place for the right people (John Ratcliffe)

• URP pays attention to the manner by which collective goals and decisions
become embedded in public policies and programs.

• Cities and towns are not just human communities or political-administrative

territories but part of and wider natural environment.
Some shifts in Modern Planning
Before Now
Product oriented Process oriented
All-inclusive Strategic
Compartmental (due to Integrated (trans-border)
administrative boundaries)
“Agency-led” “Community based”
“Top-down” “Bottom-up”
Open participation Focused participation
 Attributes of Planning Process
• SCIENCE AND ART – requires quantifiable tools as well as
subjective creativity
• MULTI-DISCIPLINARY Requires the expertise of various
disciplines; economics; engineering; sociology; architecture;
law; geography etc.
• COMPREHENSIVE: Covers all aspects of man/women and
his/her environment; physical, social, economics, political
administration and the natural environment; participatory
• DYNAMIC: Changes overtime, technological change; cultural
norms and traditions; not static; responsive to new demands
and needs of people.
• CONTINUOUS/ITERATIVE: Plan is prepared, approved,
implemented; reviewed and evaluated; replan again based on
new demands of the time.
• PARTICIPATORY: values the engagement of multiple
stakeholders.
• CYCLIC/SPIRAL: Unending process; Always goes back to
where it started; Were the problems solved? Goals and
objectives attained? At what level of satisfaction?
• TIME BOUND: Plan must have a time perspective; short,
medium, long range; Basis for plan review and assessment.
 Levels of Planning
• Scope or Coverage of Planning
Narrow: Perspective, Concept, Framework
Moderate: Framework Structure, Developmental
Broad: Integrated, Comprehensive, Detailed

• Timeframe/Duration of Plan
Short Term: 1-3 years e.g. expenditure plan
Medium Term: 5-7 years e.g. development plan
Long Term: 10 years e.g. CLUP
30-50 years e.g. Masterplan

 Time-horizon of the envisioned future varies according to the type and

level of planning
 Why does Planning have to be ethical?
• Niccolo Machiavelli’s ‘amoral’ philosophy of
expediency in The Prince (1532):
– “The ends justify the means.”
– “Whatever it takes to kill the cat.”

• Correct Ethics: “The ends and the means have to

justify each other.” Consistency and Connectedness
between Intention and Action.
• Correct Science: Need for Congruence between
Objectives and Outcomes. Compatibility between
Goals and Methods.
 Planning and the State
• STATE’s main instrument is the GOVERNMENT : sphere of
power.
• Planning seeks to direct and to control the form of the
built environment in the interest of society as a whole;
power is necessary to carry out plans.
• Planning in the public domain is conflictive and thereforeSOCIETY
CIVIL POLITY
(State)
political, involves compromises between contending PROD.
SECTOR
groups
• Planning cannot be isolated from the political context of MARKET
(Business)
the city or region because policy decisions affect local
interests.
• At times, planning becomes a practice of what is feasible
politically instead of what is technically efficient and
effective. (Campbell & Fainstein 1997:1)
• Macro-level policies have impact on micro-level site, and
these policies will influence people’s lives if not affect
them adversely.
 Planning and The Market
• MARKET/BUSINESS SECTOR : generates goods, jobs, and incomes for
economic survival
• The planner has to operate alongside the market, directly influencing
and frequently assisting its functioning, but in a manner that takes
account of both public and private interests
• Without town planning, land would be apportioned between
competing uses by the price mechanism and interaction of supply and
demand
• The market, operating alone, does not provide the most appropriate
location for what are generally described as the non-profit making uses
of land (e.g., open spaces, roads and bridges, etc.)
• However, correct siting of these lands can make land uses more
profitable
• Thus, planning assists the market in becoming more efficient.
 Planning and Civil Society: Why does Planning
have to be “participatory”?
• Civil Society: sphere of citizen groups, civic institutions, civic
values; facilitates political and social interaction by mobilizing
groups to participate in economic, social, political activities
• Process-oriented means engaging and involving people in
various phases/stages
– People are important because they ultimately execute the Plan; they are
the main actors of development. Hence, experts have to plan “with” the
people and not “for” the people.
– Participation and sharing help people overcome inertia and believe that
change is possible. “Change We Need, Yes We Can!”
– It is necessary to build consensus to legitimize and carry out the Plan; Plan
provides alternative solutions that have to be acceptable to the people.
“Social Acceptability”
– Because Planning decisions create tangible impact, (roads, parks, etc.), plan
often involves matters in which the people have large emotional stakes
– Planning often has large financial consequences on the part of the public.
Plans are directly linked to taxes and property values; people eventually
pay for the plan.
– Citizens who might know more about their locality tend not to defer to
external planners; they have to be involved in the process of planning or
else they become a major force of resistance.
 What is ‘Urban Place’?
• There is no commonly-agreed international definition of
what constitutes “urban”; it varies from country to country
as the United Nations has left it to individual countries.
– Sweden = at least 200 population
– United States = at least 2,500 population, densely settled.
– Philippines = density at least 1,000 persons per sq.km or 10 persons
per hectare, with grid-iron or analogous settlement design
– India = at least 5,000, with 75% of adult males employed in non-
agricultural work
– Switzerland = at least 10,000 population
– Japan = at least 30,000 population
– Some countries revise definitions of urban settlements to suit
specific purposes; China revised its census definitions with criteria
that vary from province to province causing their urban population
to swell by 13 percent in 1983.
– Land Re-classification by legislative fiat can label as urban many
areas even though they are essentially ‘rural’ in character.
 Philippine Definition of ‘Urban Place’
• National Statistics Office, NSO (Now under Philippine Statistics Authority
- PSA)
• optimal rather than conceptual definition, urban and rural – same
concepts used in 70-75-80-90 & 2000 censuses in classifying urban areas
– in their entirety all cities and municipalities having a population density of at least
1,000 persons per square kilometer
– poblaciones or central districts of municipalities and cities which have a population
density of at least 500 persons per square kilometer
– poblaciones or central districts (not in a or b), regardless of population size which have
the following
– a town hall, church or chapel w/ religious services at least once a month
– a public plaza, park or cemetery
– a market place or building where trading activities are carried on at least once a week
– a public building like school hospital, puericulture or health center & library
– Barangays having at least 1,000 inhabitants w/c meet the conditions set forth & where
the occupation is predominantly non-fishing
• All areas not falling under any of the above classifications are considered
RURAL
 Philippine Definition of ‘Urban Place’
• National Statistical Coordinating Board (NSCB) – now also
under PSA
• New definition of Urban Area – approved by NSCB per Board
Resolution No. 9 series of 2003 on 13 October 2003
– If a barangay has a population size of 5,000 or more
– If a barangay has at least 1 establishment w/ a minimum of 100
employees
– If a barangay has 5 or more establishments w/ a minimum of 10
employees, 5 or more facilities w/in 2-km radius from the barangay
hall
• All barangays in NCR, but all HUC barangays would be
subjected to urban - rural criteria
 “Urban Place” versus “City”
• “Urban” is determined by physico-spatial, economic, demographic and
cultural characteristics
• While modern concept of “city” is defined by charter or Legal Act after
complying with income, territorial size, population, referendum
requirements.
• Some “urban” areas are not cities and might not qualify as cities, e.g.
poblaciones, town centers, San Francisco (ADS) is now thoroughly
‘urban’ but not yet a city.
• City from civitat (community), civis (citizen), Old French ‘cite,’ in
ancient Greece, ‘polis’ for city-state
• Modern concept of City is “an important permanent settlement
possessing the characteristics of size, density and heterogeneity,
whose people are granted a substantial level of self-governance by
central authority by means of a Statute or ‘Charter’.”
• Both urban areas and cities are non-ubiquitous in geographical space
and perform functions over a service area. They reflect the level of a
society’s development.
 “Urban Place” versus “City”
• Common characteristics of ‘Urban Place’ and ‘City’ are that they
are aggregations of people to better realize some activities and
perform vital functions. Distinguishing characteristics of urban
are:
– Population size ➔ rural has relatively small population,
usually kinship-based.
– Population density ➔ rural population is dispersed, to be
near farms and fisheries.
– Cultural heterogeneity ➔ rural culture is rather homogenous,
with strong social controls.
– Multiple Functions ➔ rural tends to be self-contained,
focused on its own people & economy
– Level of Administration ➔ rural is concerned only of its territory
while urban administers multiple
jurisdictions.
 [REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9009]
AN ACT AMENDING SECTION 450 OF RA 7160, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS LGC OF 1991, BY
INCREASING THE AVERAGE ANNUAL INCOME REQUIREMENT FOR A MUNICIPALITY OR CLUSTER
OF BARANGAYS TO BE CONVERTED INTO A COMPONENT CITY (take effect on June 30, 2001)

SECTION 1. Section 450 of RA 7160, otherwise known as the LGC of 1991, is hereby amended to read as
follows:
“Section 450. Requisites for Creation. —

• (a) A municipality or a cluster of barangays may be converted into a component city if it has a
locally generated average annual income, as certified by the Department of Finance, of at least
P100,000,000.00 for the last 2 consecutive years based on 2000 constant prices, and if it has either
of the following requisites:

– (i) a contiguous territory of at least 100 sq. km., as certified by the Land Management Bureau; or
– (ii) a population of not less than 150,000 inhabitants, as certified by the NSO.

• The creation thereof shall not reduce the land area, population and income of the original unit or
units at the time of said creation to less than the minimum requirements prescribed herein.

• (b) The territorial jurisdiction of a newly-created city shall be properly identified by metes and
bounds. The requirement on land area shall not apply where the city proposed to be created is
composed of 1 or more islands. The territory need not be contiguous if it comprises 2 or more
islands.

• (c) The average annual income shall include the income accruing to the general fund, exclusive of
special funds, transfers, and non-recurring income.”
 City Classification
The LGC of 1991 (RA 7160) classifies all cities into one of 3 categories:

Highly Urbanized Cities - minimum population of 200,000 inhabitants, as

certified by the NSO, and with the latest annual income of at least P500M
based on 2008 constant prices, as certified by the city treasurer.
• Currently 35 HUCs in the Philippines, 16 - located in Metro Manila.

Independent Component Cities - independent of the province, and as such

their charters ban residents from voting for provincial elective officials.
Minimum population of 150,000 and earns at least P350M based on 2008
constant prices, as certified by the City Treasurer.
• There are five such cities: Dagupan, Cotabato, Naga, Ormoc and Santiago.

Component Cities - do not meet the preceding requirements are deemed

part of the province in which they are geographically located. If a component
city is located along the boundaries of two (2) or more provinces, it shall be
considered part of the province of which it used to be a municipality.

*There are 145 cities as of Dec. 31, 2015

 What is a ‘Region’?
• Region refers to a city or central place plus the outlying territories that
are functionally integrated with it.
• Region is based on natural/physical as well as economic/political
relationships between urban areas and its surrounding rural territories
Economic linkages
– Extent of urban influence on non-urban areas. e.g. journeys to work
– Extent of urban dependence on non-urban territories for food, water
and labor supplies, etc.
– Production and consumption functions: Industries, commerce, trade
Infrastructure linkages
– Major Transport nodes
– Utility trunks – water purification plants, power supply
– Areas performing sink-functions of city, e.g. landfill, MRF, STP

 e. g., Caraga Region, with Butuan City as the regional hub + provinces of
ADS, ADN, SDN, SDS & PDI and cities of Surigao, Bislig, Bayugan,
Cabadbaran & Tandag
Planning Regions:
 Common Definitions
SECTOR is an element or sub-system of a whole having coherent functions and
subject to common-thematic type of planning.
PROGRAM is a collection of complementary projects/activities formulated to achieve
the functions/objectives of a sector. Programs describe in detail the kind and
quantities of resources to be used.
PROJECT is a self-contained unit of investment aimed at developing resources and
facilities within a limited area within a given time period. A project deals with
goods and services significant to the accomplishment of national, regional and
local development plans.
CONCEPT PLAN the output of the first stage activities in the preparation of a
development plan. It consists of an overall growth pattern, strategy, sectoral
policies and population and employment target and forecasts.
DEVELOPMENT PLAN is a series of written statements accompanied by maps,
illustrations and diagrams which describe what the community wants to become
and how it wants to develop. It is essentially composed of community goals,
objectives, policies, programs and a land use/physical development plan which
translates the various sectoral plans.
CONSULTATION is the process of obtaining technical advice or opinion which may be
or may not be followed.
 Common Definitions
• VALUES– something that is prized or held dear, such as core beliefs of
person or group in which they have an emotional investment
• PRINCIPLES – axiomatic statements of how values are related and ranked
in relation to other values
• NORMS – broad value-based notions that are stated in a way that they can
serve to regulate behavior
• STANDARDS– principles and norms formulated in such a way that they can
be measured. Standards are accepted criteria or established measures for
determining or evaluating performance.
• GOALS– broad, long-term ends towards which a collectivity should aim;
always related to community/group situation or organizational structure
• OBJECTIVES – operational reformulation of goals so that they can be
doable/implementable for a defined period (e.g. project, cycle, phase,
etc.)….(Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time-Bounded or
SMART)
PLANNING THEORY
 Major Schools of Thought in Planning
• As Social Physics – positivist Regional Science & Regional Economics
(Walter Isard – father of regional science)
– Aims to discover presumed natural laws or regular occurrences in social
phenomena so that these phenomena can be better predicted and managed
– e.g., CCA-DRRM

• As Social Darwinism – studies human societies as biological organisms

subject to the laws of natural evolution such as competition, adaptation,
predation, parasitism, co-evolution, survival of the fittest, matira ang
matibay, etc.

• As Social Eng’g – is a state function that aims to create purposive change

by directing human behavior through a combination of persuasive and
coercive strategies
• Instrumentalist View – planning needs no technical anchoring and has no
inherent value apart from its being pragmatic tool to bring about result
 Major Schools of Thought in Planning
• As Communicative Action – aims to understand and describe
social interaction among sectors for meaningful community
discourse, harmonization of interests and collaborative action
(interpretive & transactive)

• Critical or Radical Planning – aims to smash myths and mobilize

people to radically change structures of domination and
subjugation in society

• Systems Theory of Planning – functions like a machine or

computer unit that utilizes information and feedback in an
iterative, cyclical, self-feeding fashion in order to effectively
describe, stimulate, forecast, and project societal conditions
Incremental Planning – also called “Disjointed
Incrementalism”
• ‘the science of muddling through‘
• ‘partisan mutual adjustment’
• ‘push and tug’, ‘negotiation & political compromises’
– of decentralized bargaining processes best suited to a free market
– at times, planning becomes a practice of what is feasible politically
instead of what is technically efficient and effective (Campbell & Fainstein
1997:1)
– Policy makers have “cognitive limits” – they can not “optimize decision
making” (the best possible decision), they can only “satisfice”
(compromise). Hence, decision-making is a succession of approximations.
• Causistic – ‘case to case’ basis
– there is no overall theory or general principle that guide inquiry, actions
tends to become disjointed, segmented, incoherent, unintegrated, etc
– overtime decisions will tend to negate or nullify each other amidst
changing circumstances and evolving conditions of the landscape
 Systems Theory of Planning
• Norbert Wiener 1948, Ashby 1956
• Cybernetics – interdisciplinary science dealing w/ communication and
control system in living organisms, machines & organization
• System – is a set or group of interconnected components interacting to
form a unity or integrated whole
• Crude Depiction of Linear System : Input – Throughput (process) – Output
• Cyclical System – free flowing circuit
• Flows through the system; flow of energy or matter – flow of
info/feedback
• Iteration – executing the same set of instruction of a given number of
times or until a specified results is obtained, completion of a to-and-fro
process
 Systems Planning Approach by
George Chadwick
Problem Finding

Goal Formulation System Description

FEEDBACK

FEEDBACK
Projection of goals System Modelling

Evaluation of projection System projection

Evaluation of alternatives System Synthesis

Evaluation of
performance System Control
‘Advocacy’ or ‘Activist’ Planning’
• Planners should advocate for those who are powerless and
disenfranchised. Goals are Social justice and Equity in Housing,
provision of services, Environment.
• Planners should work for the redistribution of power and
resources to the powerless and the disadvantaged; to defend
the interests of weak and the poor against the established
powers of business and government.
• Paul Davidoff (1965): calls for development of plural plans rather
than a unit plan; pluralistic view of politics and governance;
“public interest” is not scientific but is political.
• Saul David Alinsky (Rules for Radicals, 1971) - Conflict Pragmatics or
Conflict Confrontation as Philosophy in Community Organizing
– highlight “victimization” of the last, the least, and the lost.
– Urban demolitions caused by Gentrification were the
context of “Community Organizing” anarcho-syndicalist
approach by Saul David Alinsky and Herbert Whyte –
mobilizations without Marxist/Maoist ideology
– shifted formulation of social policy from backroom
negotiations out into the open.
• Sherry Arnstein: “Eight Rungs in the Ladder of Citizen
Participation” (1969)
Communicative Planning
• Frankfurt School of Social Critical Theory; Jürgen Habermas,
‘The Last of the Great Modernists’ and his followers in
North America John Forester, Anthony Giddens, Patsy
Healy, D. Hill
• Planning is more ‘transactive’ (dialectical, to-and-fro)–
finding ‘common ground’ and common aspirations
among conflicting groups or divergent traditions; rather
than ‘transactional’ (casuistic compromises for short-
term benefit)
• Institutional oppression limits ability of all to have their
interests met. Group interest has to be determined
through dialogue.
• Dialogue between “Systems of Rationality” (economics,
science, capitalism, technology) and the “Life-world”
(sphere of family, culture, non-monetary values)
• Rational Dialogue based on Trust, Intersectoral
Collaboration, Inclusivity, deliberative democracy.
Traditional Planning Approach

The Master Plan Approach or Imperative Planning - a grand one-

shot attempt, its end-product is long range (20–40 years)
affecting one whole generation, but can be massively disastrous
when in error Daniel Burnham
Requires full control and full powers of Sovereign who
authorizes the plan
Tends to be ‘top-down’ or implementing only the dominant
vision of an authoritative leader or clique;
Strong on physical planning; comprehensive in terms of physical
design (architecture, engineering, etc) but inadequate in terms
of social & other forms of analysis
Tends to be ‘atavistic’ – pining for a ‘throwback’ or Classical or
Neo-Classical ‘Golden Age’ in distant past
Seems to be more applicable in planning tabula rasa – planning
from scratch, where there is empty land and no people
occupying it, but not when cities are already settled; wherein
public consent has to be solicited.
 Rational-Adaptive-Comprehensive
or Synoptic Planning
• Uses reason more intensively: Rational or Scientific Tools
• Adjusts or adapts to local demands, limitations and peculiarities
• Adaptive elements influenced by the tenet of Systems Theory that “the
only thing permanent is change”
• Has roots in Geddes’ “Survey-Analysis-Plan (SAP)” – theoretically benefits
the whole of society & the larger natural environment
• Comprehensive because I tends to cover all bases, all aspects, all
sectors, hence overwhelming in terms of information quantity – data
overload
• Tends to be static w/in its own timeframe – needs to be constantly
updated (i.e., every 3 years)
• Planner – expert scientist, technology specialist, forecaster
• Utopian, normative, technocratic – process is long & tedious < 4
months
 Rational-Adaptive-Comprehensive
or Synoptic Planning
1. Decide to plan
2. Analyze the situation/formulate problem
3. Formulate Goals and Objectives
4. Identify and design alternative strategies /
project & forecast / build scenarios / Simulation
and Modelling
5. Assess alternatives by tracing their consequences
6. Decide / Select course of action
7. Implement the plan – action through public
investment and private investment
8. Evaluate the plan; seek feedback for plan review
or Re-planning
Rational-Adaptive-Comprehensive
or Synoptic Planning
 Strategic Planning
• Interwoven into Management; it is not separate and distinct from
the process of Strategic Management
• A continuous learning process that defines the purpose of an Dr. Henry
Mintzberg
organization and how it will achieve performance results that lead
to its desired state
• Documents not need voluminous data but only manageable data
relevant to strategic issues
• Strong on designing a fit organization led by champions who carry
out change
• Strong on establishing performance standards in measuring
results
• Tends to gloss over deep-seated, complex, value-based or culture
based problems that have no overnight solutions – e.g., social
transformation
• Key aspects – FOCH- Future focused, Outcome and results-
oriented, Client driven & High involvement – workforce, clients,
suppliers, partners
 Strategic Planning Process
1. Initiate and agree on a strategic planning process;
2. Identify organization mandates; clarify organization mission
and values;
3. Scan and assess the external (opportunities and threats)
and internal environments (strengths and weaknesses);
undertake external & internal analysis
4. Select key issues
5. Set broad mission statement; Develop goals and objectives
with respect to each other
6. Develop strategy; “future trajectory”
7. Identify and quantify inputs; Identify and quantify outputs;
validate the efficiency of the strategy
8. Establish an effective organization for the future.
9. Develop and plan implementation to carry out strategic
actions
10. Monitor outcomes, calculate impact, compare to
objectives, update and review plan
 Evolution of Planning Theory

1st stage – master plan or blueprint era

2nd stage – systems view of planning

3rd stage – participative-conflict in planning

 Evolution of Planning Theory

• 1st stage – master plan or blueprint era

Main concern: Set out the desired future, in terms

of land-use patterns on the ground (maps);
Old planners, e.g., Geddes or Abercrombie;
Set up after WWII … After the 1947 Town and
Country Planning Act of Great Britain.
 Evolution of Planning Theory

• 2nd stage – systems view of planning

Under the 1968 Planning Act – embodied new

structure plans;
Managing and controlling a particular system … the
urban and regional system;
Concentrated on the objectives of the plan and on
alternative ways of reaching them (writing rather
than detailed maps).
 Evolution of Planning Theory
• 3rd stage – participative-conflict in planning

Emphasis on tracing the possible consequences of

alternative policies;
Evaluating alternatives against objectives and then
choosing a course of action;
Monitoring process is continually repeated.
 Nature and Types of Planning

• National, regional, local levels

• Economic and physical
• Short, medium and long terms,
• Allocative and innovative
• Indicative and imperative planning
• Multi or single objective planning
National, Regional, Local Planning

National level is multi-objective and tends to be

economic in content.

Regional level straddles the national and local gap;

economic factors are of major importance; deals with
fundamental physical problems of the region.

Local level deals with problems of communities within

its area.
Physical and Economic Planning

Physical planning –
land use, communications, utilities, etc. … has its
origins in the regulation and control of town
development. Physical planning relies on direct
control.
Economic Planning –
concerned with economic structure and overall
level of prosperity of an area … works more
through market mechanism than physical planning.
Allocative and Innovative Planning

Allocative planning or regulatory planning –

concerned with coordination and resolution of
conflicts. It ensures the efficiency of the system in
accordance with evolving policies.

Examples:
a) In a small firm, allocative planning would involve deliveries of
inputs of raw materials and labour and the distribution of final
goods;

b) In the national economy, it would involve the month-to-

month regulation of the economy using fiscal and monetary
policy.
Allocative and Innovative Planning

Innovative planning or development planning –

more concerned with improving/developing
the system as a whole. It introduces new
aims and attempts to mould change on a
large scale.

Example: In a small-firm, this is the marketing of marketing

of a new product or opening of a factory extension
within a specific period of time.
Indicative and Imperative Planning
These types of planning are relate to the method of
implementation of planning.

Indicative Planning – lays down general guidelines and

advisory in nature

Imperative or Command Planning – involves specific directives.

 Multi or Single Goal and Objective
Planning
Goal – an ideal and should be expressed in abstract terms
Example: To improve the standard of living in the Philippines.

Objective – is capable of attaining the goal. It is explicit rather

than implicit.

Example: A local authority may plan to build a new road to improve

internal accessibility, attract new firms and to widen its
shopping hinterland.
 Comparison: Goals, Objectives,
Targets
Goals:
1. General and highly abstract

2. Broad categories: social, economic and

physical

3. Arranged in hierarchy, according to

importance
 Examples of Goals

Earlier times (20th century):

 Health (physical), education, income and its
distribution, mobility

Current times (21th century):

 Health (physical) public safety, circulation, provision of
services and facilities, fiscal health, economic goals,
environmental protection and redistributive goals.
 SOURCES OF DEVELOPMENT GOALS

• Public Interest
• General Welfare
• Regional Physical Framework Plan
• National Policies
• Local Communities
SOURCES OF DEVELOPMENT GOALS
SOURCES OF DEVELOPMENT GOALS
 Public Interest
• Health
• Safety
• Convenience … circulation and physical
ease
• Environmental amenity … pleasantness to
live in the environment
• Economy … translates physical ease into
efficiency or least cost of carrying out
activities
General Welfare (Based on RA 7160)
• preservation of culture
• Promotion of health and safety
• Right of people to balanced ecology
• Self-reliant scientific and technological
capabilities
• Public full employment
• Economic prosperity and social justice
• Full employment
• Peace and order
• Preservation of comfort and convenience
Regional Physical Framework Plans

• Rational population distributions

• Access to basic services
• Sustainable utilization of resources
• Protect integrity of environment
 National Policies (Based on the
National Physical Framework Plan)
• Food security,
• Environment stability
• Rational urban development
• Spatial integration
• Equitable access
• Public-private sector partnership
• People empowerment
• Recognition of rights of less privilege sector
• Market orientation
 Objectives
1. More specific than goals,

2. Actual programmes being carried into action,

3. Require the spending of resources … implies an

element of competition for scarce resources.

Example: If mobility is the general goal, then the

objectives could be reduction of travel time (O-
D), improvement in quality of public
transportation.
 Examples of Objectives
• Identification of funding
• Policy counsel
• Education
• Outreach
 Targets
1. More detailed than objectives,
2. A further stage of refinement,
3. Performance are set against target
dates.
e.g. Construction of an underground railway
within 10 years … to reduce travel time
from origin to destination.
SPECIFIC PRINCIPLES OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT

Service to Others - protection of life, property and public

welfare; heroic sacrifice and genuine selflessness

Integrity and Objectivity - highest sense of integrity and

imbued with nationalism and spiritual values

Professional Competence - knowledge, technical skills,

attitudes and experience

Solidarity and Team Work - support to one organization for

all members putting the broader interest of the profession
above one’s personal ambition and preference
SPECIFIC PRINCIPLES OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT

Social and Civic Responsibility - due consideration of the

broader interest of the publics; contribute to attainment
of the country’s national objectives
Global Competitiveness - open to challenges of a more
dynamic and interconnected world; professional practice
at global standards level and global best practices
Equality of all Professions - all professions considered
equally important, yet distinct, service to society; all
professionals to treat each other with respect and
fairness.

(PIEP 2004 National Convention, Quezon City, 13 November 2004)

Thank You !