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Documente Profesional
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Technology
Department of Civil Engineering
Torsion Shear
Types of Beams
Types of
Beams
Deep Beams
Shallow
Beams According to
CL. 29, IS 456
l
2, forSSB
D
l
2.5, forcontinuousbeams
D
Types of Cracks before failure
Importance of Shear Design for beams
Vu
Nominal Shear Stress
bd Τ= Nominal Shear Stress
Vu= shear Force
b= Width of Beam
d= effective depth
...continued
(C.)
(A.) (B.)
...continued
the shear force is maximum near the supports, cracks due to shear occur near the
supports. The cracks are formed around the neutral axis and perpendicular to the
principal tensile stress (σ1). The cracks are thus inclined at 45° to the axis of the
beam.
For any beam, suitably reinforced against diagonal tension, the
nominal shear stress shall not exceed the maximum shear stress
values given in Table 20 of IS 456-2000.
For any section if nominal shear stress exceeds the maximum shear
stress value, the section is redesigned either by using richer concrete
mix or by increasing the size of the section.
For practical purpose, it is recommended that τv<0.85τc.
Critical Section for shear
According to Cl. 22.6.2 and 22.6.2.1 stipulate the critical section for
shear and are as follows:
CASE 1:
Slab Supported on Masonry walls
And cross beams
....continued
Case 2:
View of a Column
and Beam
Case 3: Inverted T beam ...continued
Design for shear reinforcement
Due to the shear stresses, there are cracks in concrete perpendicular to the
diagonal tension.
As the load increases, these cracks moves upwards. Most of the
cracks stop when they reach the heavily stressed region of
compression zone.
If there is a further increase of load, a critical diagonal crack may
tear through the beam.
As a result, the beam splits into two critical sections and a sudden
brittle failure occurs. Thus, the diagonal tension failure occurs without
giving notice and may cause the beam to collapse completely.
Therefore, a beam shall be suitably reinforced along the diagonal
tension.
•In case of pure shear in concrete,
Principal tension of equal
magnitude Is produced on the
other plane.
• As the tensile strength of
concrete Is lower than its
shear strength, Concrete fails
in diagonal tension.
...continued
Bond Stress:- The shear force acting per unit surface area of the bar, in the direction of
This concept of design bond stress finally results in additional length of a bar of specified diameter to be
provided beyond a given critical section. Though, the overall bond failure may be avoided by this
provision of additional development length Ld, slippage of a bar may not always result in overall failure of
a beam. It is, thus, desirable to provide end anchorages also to maintain the integrity of the structure and
Clause 26.2 of IS 456 stipulates, “The calculated tension or compression in any bar at any
However, while using bundled bars the provision of cl. 26.1.1 of IS 456 must be
satisfied.
According to this clause:
In addition to single bar, bars may be arranged in pairs in contact or in groups
of three or four bars bundled in contact.
Bundled bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties to ensure the bars
remaining together.
Bars larger than 32 mm diameter shall not be bundled, except in columns.
Curtailment of bundled bars should be done by terminating at different points
spaced apart by not less than 40 times the bar diameter except for bundles
stopping at support (cl. 26.2.3.5 of IS 456).
Anchoring Reinforcing Bars
The point after which the bar is no longer required to resist flexure is
called as theoretical cut off point. The number of bars which can be
curtailed or bent up at any distance x from the centre of the span of the
beam is given by
l nx
x *
2 nc
L= span
nx= number of bars which can be
curtailed at section x
nc= number of bars at section