ELECTROMAGNETISM

What is
ELECTROMAGNETISM?
Electromagnetism is a branch of
Physics, deals with the
electromagnetic force that occurs
between electrically charged particles.
BASIC PRINCIPLE
•When electricity flows in a
wire a magnetic field is
formed around the wire.
•The stronger the current
the stronger the magnetic
field will be.
•When a current stops
flowing there is no
magnetic field.
HOW CAN WE MAKE A STRONGER
MAGNETIC EFFECT?
•If we make a coil of wire called a
solenoid the combined effect of the
magnetic field around each wire results
in a bar magnet being created.

•The more coils the stronger the

combined magnetic field.
 STRENGTH
INCREASES IF
IT HAS:

•More coils
•More
current
•A bigger
iron core
 Line of Force
A line of force in magnetic field represents path of
free N-pole in magnetic field.
Direction of line of force: N-pole S-pole

Line of force

Magnetic field around the Earth

Magnetic fields from electricity
RIGHT HAND RULE

The right hand-rule is

based on the underlying
physics that relates
magnetic fields and the
forces that they exert on
moving charges—it just
represents an easy way
for physicists to remember
the directions that things
are supposed to point.
Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic Induction or Induction-

is a process in which a conductor is put
in a particular position and magnetic field
keeps varying or magnetic field is stationary
and a conductor is moving. This produces a
Voltage or EMF (Electromotive Force)
across the electrical conductor. Michael
Faraday discovered Law of Induction in
1830.
Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic Induction

First law: Whenever a conductor is placed in a

varying magnetic field, EMF induces and this emf
is called an induced emf and if the conductor is a
closed circuit than the induced current flows
through it.

Second law: The magnitude of the induced

EMF is equal to the rate of change of flux linkages.
How do Electric Transformers Work?

Principle of an Electric Transformer

The principle upon which the voltage and current are transformed (increased
or decreased) is magnetic mutual induction. If an AC voltage source supply
electrical energy to a coil ,called primary coil, a changing (because the
voltage is alternating, AC) magnetic field is created inside and around the
coil.
How do Electric Transformers Work?

If a second coil (secondary coil) is placed close to the

primary coil and within the line of flux, the same
changing magnetic field created in the primary coil will
induce an emf in the secondary coil (Faraday's law) .
How do Electric Transformers Work?

Transformer equation
Vp / Vs = Np / Ns

Where:
Vp = primary voltage,
Vs = secondary voltage,
Np = number of turns in the primary
Ns = number of turns in the secondary.
Example 1:
The number of primary and secondary windings is 60 and 100
respectively. The secondary voltage is given by 250V, determine the
primary voltage.

Solution:
Given:
Np = 60,
Ns = 100
Vs = 250V
The transformer formula is given by,

Vp / Vs = Np / Ns
Vp = Np / Ns ×Vs
= 60 / 100 x 250
= 150 V
Example 2
The number of primary and secondary windings is 100 and 350
respectively. The primary voltage is given by 200V, determine the
secondary voltage.

Solution:
Given:
Np = 100,
Ns = 350 and
Vp = 200V
The transformer formula is given by,
Vp / Vs = Np / Ns
Vs = Vp×Ns / Np
Vs = 200 × 350 / 100
= 700V