https://www.emtalk.com/mpacalc.php?er=2.

2&h=0.127&h_units_list=hmm&fr=38&Oper
ation=Synthesize&La=&L_units_list=Lmm&W
a=&W_units_list=Wmm&Rin=

Z(qw) = √((50+100) x 144) However, this method

increases the size of antenna and not
recommended for
The main advantage the design of practical array systems.
of distributed impedance
Also system efficiency degrades due
matching method is that there to the increase in spurious radiation
is no requirement to modify the losses on the matching circuit.
Whereas for broadband impedance
geometry of radiating
matching is done by multisections
structure.
quarter wave transformer
and taper line
In order to apply any specific matching
technique,
input impedance at the edge of antenna,
must be known.
Therefore, next 2section presents the
different approaches
adopted by the researchers to calculate the
input imped_x0002_ance at the edge of
patch antenna.
 Verification of the calculation 2x1
rectangular patch antenna
Formula Calculated value (mm) Actual value (mm) Diviation
Lp 2.4539362574596

reduce
2.595662683 5.460124941 %
Wp 3.02495454882157 reduce
3.121 3.077393501 &
Wm1 0.3946 0.38087436126541 reduce
3.478367647 %
W1 0.11425 0.113823587714407 reduce
0.373227383
Wf = CST 0.3946 0.38087436126541 reduce
calculator 3.478367647 %
Wm2 0.07065 0.0390657431573534
(Quarter
wave reduce
calculation) 44.7 %
Lm2 1.51499370426871 increase
1.364635005 11%
Discussion
There are some difference between important parameter between calculation and
simulation especially the matching line between 100 ohm line and patch. There are
some hypothesis on this that may need to discover in future as below :
i ) Most of the calculation is approximate.
ii) Limitation of the formula that did not conver for very high frequency such
mmWave.
Directivity and Gain
An antenna that radiates equally in all directions would have effectively zero
directionality, and the directivity of this type of antenna would be 1 (or 0 dB).
It is a measure of how 'directional' an antenna's radiation pattern is.
When we say an antenna directivity we are referring to the peak directivity.
In other words, directivity is a measurement how much the antenna focus
compared to the isotropic antenna that radiated in all directions
Antennas for cell phones should have a low directivity because the signal can
come from any direction, and the antenna should pick it up.
http://www.antenna-theory.com/basics/directivity.php
Figure 1
Gain
Antenna gain is more commonly quoted than directivity in an antenna's
specification sheet because it takes into account the actual losses that
occur. A transmitting antenna with a gain of 3 dB means that the power
received far from the antenna will be 3 dB higher (twice as much) than
what would be received from a lossless isotropic antenna with the same
input power.. Gain will be lower than directivity. An ideal antenna will have
the directivity and gain equal which result in 100% efficiency.
http://www.antenna-theory.com/basics/gain.php
Figure 1 and 2 shows that the directivity and the gain of single and dual
patch results. The directivity and gain of the dual patch is about 3dB
higher, means that the dual patch antenna can give higher directivity and
gain. From result we can get 6.59dB gain for single patch antenna and
Looking into low S11 and low VSWR does not mean that the antenna
9.75 dB gain for dual-patch array antenna. Lower directivity is useful for
is radiated. It only showing that less reflected power coming back by
unknown signal direction application such as mobile phone application
assuming most of the power radiated. The power loss can be due to
that can accept signal from all direction. As for high directivity antenna, it
other factor such as copper loss or absorbtion. Thus, designer needs
is suitable for one direction communication.
to look into the efficiency and do the radiation test.
Efficiency Bandwith
The single patch antenna design give -0.9043 dB ( 81.2%) and dual-
patch patch antenna give -0.9499 (80%) efficiency at 38 GHz.
Efficiency shows how much power radiated as a far field signal
compared to input power. Mobile phone antennas, or wifi antennas in Bandwidth can be taken from S11 plot (<10 dB) or VSWR plot (<2:1) .
consumer electronics products, typically have efficiencies from 20%- Bandwidth can be represent in frequency range or in percentanage as
70% (-7 to -1.5 dB). Thus, both designed antenna would have better formula below. Figure show bandwidth of single patch antenna having
efficiency than most of consumer product at 38 GHz. 619 MHz (1.63%) and 2x1 array antennahaving 1.06 GHz (2.7%).
http://www.antenna-theory.com/basics/efficiency.php
Antenna efficiency losses are typically due to:
i) conduction losses (due to finite conductivity of the metal that forms
the antenna)
ii) dielectric losses (due to conductivity of a dielectric material near an
antenna)
iii) impedance mismatch loss
http://www.antenna-theory.com/basics/efficiency.php
Figure shows the simulation impedance of both designed antenna.
Antenna S11 and VSWR These antenna functioning between 30 - 70 ohm input impedance.
S11 represents how much power is reflected from the antenna. The
remainder of the power was "accepted by" or deliverd to the antenna.
This accepted power is either radiated or absorbed as losses within
the antenna. Since antennas are typically designed to be low loss,
ideally the majority of the power delivered to the antenna is radiated.
VSWR represent how much the standing wave. This measurement is
directly related to S11. When S11 is high then VSWR will be high.
http://www.antenna-theory.com/definitions/sparameters.php
Axial ratio and Polarization

Axial ratio is the parameter majorly used to describe the polarization nature of
circularly polarized antennas. The Axial Ratio (AR) is defined as the ratio
between the minor and major axis of the polarization ellipse. Linear
polarization have >20dB axial ratio. Polarization mismatch or polarization
diversity can be waste. Antenna is consider as eliptical polarization if having
axial ratio between 3dB to 20 dB, and as circular polarization if having <3 dB
axial ratio.

Axial ratio and Polarization

Axial ratio is the parameter majorly used to describe the polarization nature of
circularly polarized antennas. The Axial Ratio (AR) is defined as the ratio
between the minor and major axis of the polarization ellipse. Linear
polarization have >20dB axial ratio. Polarization mismatch or polarization
diversity can be waste. Antenna is consider as eliptical polarization if having
axial ratio between 3dB to 20 dB, and as circular polarization if having <3 dB
axial ratio. Both simulated patch having an axial ratio of 40 dB. Thus conclude
both antennas are linearly polarized antenna.