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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO IOT
By
K. Lova Raju
Assistant professor
VFSTR university

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 Topics:-
1 Introduction to IoT

2 Physical Design of IoT

3 L logical Design of IoT

4 4. IoT Enabling Techniques

5 5. IoT Levels & Deployment Templates
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 Definition of IoT

 Internet of Things(IoT) comprises of things that have unique identities and are
connected to the internet.
 IoT allows these things to communicate with each other and exchange
data(control, information that could include data associated with users)while
executing meaningful applications towards a common user or machine goal.
 A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities
based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical
and virtual "things" have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities
and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the
information network, often communicate data associated with users and their
environments.

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Basic definations:-

Data Information Knowledge

• Raw and unprocessed • Information is inferred
• Knowledge is inferred
data obtained from IoT from data by filtering,
from information by
devices/systems. categorizing,
organizing and
condensing and
structuring
contextualizing data.
information and is
put into action to
achieve specific
objectives.

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 Characteristics of IoT
1. Dynamic & Self-Adapting
2. Self-Configuring
3. Interoperable Communication Protocols
4. Unique Identity
5. Integrated into Information Network

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 Characteristics of IoT cont…..
1. Dynamic and Self Adapting:-
 IoT devices and systems may have the capability to dynamically adapt with
changing contexts, users context, sensed environment.
 For example, consider the survivallance system comprising of number of
surviving cameras. The surviving cameras can adapt their modes based on
whether it is day or night.
2. Self- configuring:-
 IoT devices may have self configuring capability, allowing a large number of
devices to work together to provide certain functionality.
 These devices have ability to configure them selves, setup the networking
and fetch latest software upgrades with minimal protocols.
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 Characteristics of IoT cont…..
3. Interoperable Communication Protocols:-
 IoT devices can support a number of interoperable communication protocols
and can communicate with other devices.

4. Unique Identity:-
 Each IoT device has a unique identifier(such as IP address or URI)
 IoT systems may have intelligent interfaces which adapt based on the context,
allow communicating with users and environmental contexts.
 IoT devices allow users to query the devices, monitor their status and control
them remotely.

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 Characteristics of IoT cont…..
5. Integrated into Information Network:-
 IOT devices are generally integrated into information network that allows
them to communicate and exchange data with other devices and
systems.

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 Physical Design of IoT

Physical design of IoT mainly consists of 2 parts. They are

1. Things in IoT

2. IoT Protocols.

1. Things in IoT:-

 The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and can perform remote sensing, actuating and
monitoring capabilities.

 IoT devices can:

• Exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly or indirectly), or Collect data from other
devices and process the data locally or Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application back-ends
for processing the data, or Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT infrastructure, based on
temporal and space constraints

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 Generic block diagram of an IoT Device

 This figure shows the block

diagram of the typical IoT device
may consist of several
interfaces for connections to
other devices, both wired and
wireless.
 They include
1. I/O interfaces for sensors
2. Interfaces for Internet
connectivity
3. Memory and storage interfaces
4. Audio/video interfaces.
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 IoT devices can also be
of various types, for
instance wearable
sensors, smart
watches, LED lights,
automobiles and
industrial machines.

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 IoT Protocols

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• 802.3-Ethernet • IPv4
• 802.11-WiFi • IPV6
• 802.16-WiMax • 6LoWPAN
• 802.15.4-LR-WPAN
• 2G/3G/LTE-Cellular Network
Link layer
layer

Application Transport
layer layer
•HTTP
•COAP
• TCP
•MQTT • UDP
•XMPP
•WEBSOCKETS
•DDP
•AMQP

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IOT Protocols
1. Link layer:

 Link layer protocols determine how the data is sent physically over
the network’s physical layer.
 The scope of link layer is local network connection to which host is
attached.
 Link layer determines how the packets are coded and signalled by
the hardware device over the medium to which the host is
attached(such as coaxial cable).

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Link layer protocols
1.1 802.3-Ethernet:-
 IEEE 802.3 is a collection of weird Ethernet standards for the link layer.
 For example 802.3 is the standard for 10BASE5 Ethernet that uses coaxial cable
as shared medium.
 Data rates:- 10Mbps to 40Gbps.
 The shared medium carries the communication for all the devices on the
network, thus data sent by one device can received by all devices.
1.2 802.11-WiFi:-
 IEEE 802.11 is a collection of wireless local area network(WLAN)
communication standards, including extensive description of the link layer.
 For example 802.11a operates in 5Ghz band,802.11b and 802.11g operates in
2.4 GHz, 802.11n operates in 2.4/5 Ghz bands,802.11ac operates in 5 GHz and
802.11ad operates in 60GHz bands.
 Standard data rates :- 1Mbps to 6.75Gbps.
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Link layer cont….
1.3 802.16-WiMax:-
 IEEE 802.16 is a collection of wireless broadband standards including extensive
descriptions for the link layer(also called as WiMax).
 Standard data rates :- 1.5 Mbps to 1Gbps.
1.4 802.15.4-LR-WPAN:-
 IEEE 802.15.4 is a collection of standards for low-rate wireless personal area
networks(LR-WPANs).
 Standard data rates :- 40Kbps to 250 Kbps.
1.5 2G/3G/4G-Mobile communication:-
 There are different generations of mobile communication standards including
second generation(2G including GSM and CDMA), Third generation(3G- including
UMTS and CDMA2000) and fourth generation(4G-including LTE).
 Standard data rates :- 9.6Kbps to 100 Mbps.
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2. Network layer
 The network layers are responsible for the sending of IP datagrams from the
source network to the destination network.
 This layer performs the host addressing and pocket routing.
Network layer Protocols:
2.1 IPV4- Internet Protocol Version4:-
 It is the most deployed Internet Protocol that is used to identify the devices on
a networking using a hierarchical addressing scheme.
 It uses 32-bit addressing scheme(2^32 or 4294967296 addresses).
2.2 IPV6- Internet Protocol Version6:-
 It is the new version of Internet Protocol and successor of IPV4.
 It uses 128-bit addressing scheme(2^128 or 3.4X10^38 addresses).
2.3 6LoWPAN-IPv6 Over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks:-
 It brings the IP protocol to the low power devices which have limited processing
capability.
 6LoWPAN operates in 2.4GHz.
 Data rates:- 250Kbps. pk
3. Transport Layer:
 The transport layer protocols provide end to end message transfer capability
independent of the underlying layers.
 The transport layer provides functions such as error control, segmentation flow
control and congestion control.
Transport Layer protocols:
3.1 TCP- Transmission Control Protocol:-
 It is most widely used transport layer protocol, that is used by web sockets,
HTTPs applications.
 It is connection oriented and state ful protocol.
 TCP also provides error detection capability so that duplicate packets can be
discarded and lost packets are retransmitted.
3.2 UDP- User Datagram Protocol:-
 UDP is a connectionless protocol.
 It is useful for time sensitive applications that have very small data units.
 UDP doesn’t provide guaranteed delivery, ordering of messages and duplicate
elimination. pk
4. Application layer:
 Application layer define how the applications interface with lower layer
protocols to send the data over the network.
Application layer protocols:
4.1 HTTP- Hypertext Tranfer protocol:-
 It is the protocol that forms the foundation of WWW.
 It includes commands such as GET,PUT,POST,DELETE,HEAD,TRACE,OPTIONS
etc…
 HTTP is a stateless protocol and HTTP request is independent of the other
requests.
4.2 CoAP- Constrained Application Protocol:-
 It is an application layer protocol for machine to machine (M2M) applications.
 It uses a client-server architecture where clients communicate with servers using
connectionless diagrams.
 It is designed to easily interface with HTTP.
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4. Application layer cont….
4.3 Websockets:
 Web socket protocols allow full duplex communication over a single socket
connection for sending messages between client and server.
 It is based on TCP and allows stream of messages to be sent back and forth
between the client and server.
4.4 MQTT-Message Queue Telemetry Transport
 It is light eight messaging protocol based on publish-subscriber model.
 It uses a client server architecture to topics the server.
4.5 XMPP- Extensible Messaging Presense Protocol
 It is a protocol for real-time communications and streaming XML data between
network entities.
 XMPP supports both client server and server to sever communication paths.

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4. Application layer cont…

4.6 DDS- Data Distribution Services

 It is a data-centric middleware standard for device-to-device or
machine-to-machines communications.
 DDS uses a publish-subscriber model where publishers creates
topics to which subscribers can subscribe.
4.7 AMQP- Advanced Message Queuing Protocol
 It is an open application layer protocol for business messaging.
 It supports point-point and publisher-to-subscriber models.
 AMQP brokers receive messages from publishers and route them
over connection to consumers which then distribute message copies
to queues.
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 Logical Design of IoT

Logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract

representation of the entities and processes without going
into the low-level specifics of the implementation.

Logical design of IoT mainly comprises of 3 parts

1. IoT Functional Blocks
2. IoT communication Models
3. IoT Communication APIs

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1. IoT Functional Blocks

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 1. IoT Functional Blocks cont…
1. Device:- An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing,actuating,monitoring
and control functions.
2. Communication:- The Communication block handles the communication for the IoT
system.
3. Services:- An IoT system uses various types of IoT services such as services for device
monitoring, devices control services, data publishing services and services for device
discovery,.
4. Management:- Management functional block provides various functions to govern the IoT
system.
5. Security:- Security functional block secures the IoT system and by providing functions such
as authentication, authorization,message and content integrity.
6. Application:-IoT applications provide an interface that the users can use to control and
monitor various aspects of the IoT system. Applications also allows users to view the the
system status and view or analyze the processed system.
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 2. IoT Communication Models
1. Request-Response Model
 Request-Response is a
communication model in
which the client sends
requests to the server and the
server responds to the
requests.
 When the server receives a
request, it decides how to
respond, fetches the data,
retrieves resource
representations, prepares
the response, and then
sends the response to the
client.

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 2. IoT Communication Models cont…

2. Publish-Subscriber Model:-
 Publish-Subscribe is a
communication model that
involves publishers, brokers
and consumers.
 Publishers are the source of
data. Publishers send the data
to the topics which are
managed by the broker.
Publishers are not aware of
the consumers.
 Consumers subscribe to the
topics which are managed by
the broker.
 When the broker receives data
for a topic from the publisher,
it sends the data to all the
subscribed consumers.
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2. IoT Communication Models cont….
3. Push-Pull Model:-
 Push-Pull is a communication
model in which the data
producers push the data to
queues and the consumers
pull the data from the
queues. Producers do not
need to be aware of the
consumers.
 Queues help in decoupling the
messaging between the
producers and consumers.
 Queues also act as a buffer
which helps in situations
when there is a mismatch
between the rate at which
the producers push data and
the rate rate at which the
consumers pull data.
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 2. IoT Communication Models cont….

4. Exclusive Pair Model:-

 Exclusive Pair is a
bidirectional, fully duplex
communication model
that uses a persistent
connection between the
client and server.
 Once the connection is
setup it remains open
until the client sends a
request to close the
connection.
 Client and server can send
messages to each other
after connection setup.
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 3. IoT Communication APIs

REST-based Communication APIs

 Representational State Transfer
(REST) is a set of architectural
principles by which you can
design web services and web
APIs that focus on a system’s
resources and how resource
states are addressed and
transferred.
 REST APIs follow the request-
response communication model.
 The REST architectural constraints
apply to the components,
connectors, and data elements,
within a distributed hypermedia
system.

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 3. IoT Communication APIs cont….

Websocket-based
Communication APIs
 WebSocket APIs allow
bi- directional, full
duplex communication
between clients and
servers.
 WebSocket APIs follow
the exclusive pair
communication model

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IoT Enabling Techniques

 IoT is enabled by several techniques they are

1. Wireless Sensor Networks
2. Cloud Computing
3. Big data Analysis
4. Communication Protocols
5. Embedded Systems

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 IoT Enabling Techniques cont….
1. Wireless Sensor Networks:-
 Wireless sensor networks(WSN) comprises of distributed devices with sensored which are
used to monitor the environmental and physical conditions.
 A WSN consists of number of end-nodes and routers and a coordinator.
 End nodes have several sensors attached to them. End nodes can also act as routers.
 Routers are responsible for routing the data packets from end-nodes to the coordinator.
 Coordinator collects the data from all nodes.
Examples:-
1. Weather Monitoring systems
2. Indoor Air quality Monitoring systems
3. Soil Moisture Monitoring systems.
4. Survillance systems
5. Structural health monitoring systems.
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IoT Enabling Techniques cont…….
2. Cloud computing:-
 Cloud computing is a transformative computing paradigm that involves
delivering applications and services over the interest.
 Cloud computing involves provisioning of computing, networking and storage
resources on demand and providing these resources as metered services to
the users.
 Cloud computing resources can be provisioned on demand by the users,
without requiring interactions with the cloud service provider.
 Cloud computing resources can be accessed over the network using standard
access mechanism they provide.

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 IoT Enabling Techniques cont….
 Cloud computing services offered to the users in different forms
1. Infrastructure-as-a-service(IaaS):- IaaS provides the users the ability to
provision computing and storage resources. These resources are provided to
the users as virtual machine instances and virtual storage.
2. Platform-as-a-Service(Paas):- PaaS provides the users the ability to develop
and deploy application in the cloud using the development tools, Application
Programming Interfaces(APIs),software libraries and services provided by the
cloud service provider.
3. Software-as-a-Service(SaaS):- SaaS provides the users a complete software
application or the user interface to the application itself. The cloud service
provider manages the underlying cloud infrastructure including servers,
network, operating system, storage and application software.
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IoT Enabling Techniques cont…….
3. Big data Analysis:-
 Big data is defined as collection of data sets whose volume, velocity or variety, is so
large that it is difficult to store, manage, process and analyze the data using data
processing tools.
Volume:- There is no fixed threshold value for the volume in big data. The volumes of
the data generated by modern IT, industrial and health-care architectures.
Velocity:- Velocity is another important characteristics of big data and primarily the
reason for the growth of data. Velocity of the data refers to how fast the data is
generated and how frequently it varies. Modern IT, industrial and other systems are
generating data at increasingly high speeds.
Variety:- Variety refers to the forms of data. Big data comes from the different forms
such as structured or unstructured data, including text data, Image, audio and video.
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IoT Enabling Techniques cont…….
4. Communication Protocols:
 Communication protocols form the backbone of IoT systems and enable
network connectivity and coupling to applications.
 Communication protocols allow devices to exchange data over the network.
 These protocols define the data exchange, formats,data encoding, addressing
schemes for devices and routing of packets from source to destination.
 Other functions of the protocols include sequence control(that helps in
ordering packets determing lost packets),flow control(that helps in controlling
the rate at which the sender is sending the data so that receiver or the
network is not overwhelmed), and retransmission of lost packets.

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 IoT Enabling Techniques cont…….
5. Embedded systems:-
 An Embedded systems is a computer system that has computer hardware and
software to perform specific tasks.
 Key components of embedded systems include microprocessors or
microcontrollers, memory(RAM, ROM, cache),networking units(Ethernet, WiFi
Adapters),Input/Output units(Display, keyboards) and storage( flash memory).
 Some embedded systems have specialized processors such as DSP(Digital
Signal Processors), Graphics processor and application specific processors.
 Embedded systems run on embedded operating systems such as real-time
operating systems.

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 IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

An IoT system comprises of the following components:

• Device: An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing, actuating and
remote monitoring capabilities. You learned about various examples of IoT
devices in section
• Resource: Resources are software components on the IoT device for
accessing, processing, and storing sensor information, or controlling
actuators connected to the device. Resources also include the software
components that enable network access for the device.
• Controller Service: Controller service is a native service that runs on the
device and interacts with the web services. Controller service sends data
from the device to the web service and receives commands from the
application (via web services) for controlling the device.

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 IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

• Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the data
generated by the IoT device.
• Web Service: Web services serve as a link between the IoT device,
application, database and analysis components. Web service can be either
implemented using HTTP and REST principles (REST service) or using
WebSocket protocol (WebSocket service).
• Analysis Component: The Analysis Component is responsible for analyzing
the IoT data and generate results in a form which are easy for the user to
understand.
• Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the users can use to
control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system. Applications also
allow users to view the system status and view the processed data.

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IoT Level-1(Home Automation)

• A level-1 IoT system has a

single node/device that
performs sensing and/or
actuation, stores data,
performs analysis and hosts
the application
• Level-1 IoT systems are
suitable for modeling low-
cost and low-complexity
solutions where the data
involved is not big and the
analysis requirements are
not computationally
intensive.

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 IoT Level-2(Smart Irrigation)

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 IoT Level-2(Smart Irrigation)
 A level-2 IoT system has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation and
local analysis.
 Data is stored in the cloud and application is usually cloud- based.
 Level-2 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the data involved is big,
however, the primary analysis requirement is not computationally intensive and
can be done locally itself.
Example:- Smart Irrigation.
The system consists of a single node that monitors the soil moisture level and
controls the irrigation system. The device used in this system collects soil moisture data
from sensors. The controller service continuously monitors the moisture levels. If the
moisture level drops below the threshold level, irrigation system is turned on. For
controlling the irrigation system actuators such as solenoid valves can used. The
controller also sends the moisture data to the computing cloud. A cloud-based web
service is used for storing and retrieving moisture data which is stored in the cloud
database.

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 IoT Level-3(Tracking package handling)

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IoT Level-3(Tracking package handling)
 A level-3 IoT system has a single node. Data is stored and analyzed in the
cloud and application is cloud- based.
 Level-3 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the data involved is big
and the analysis requirements are computationally intensive.
Example:- Trackage package handling
The system consists of a single node that monitors the vibration
levels for a package being shipped. The device in this system uses accelerometer
and gyroscope sensors for monitoring vibration levels. The controller service
sends the sensor data to the cloud in real-time using a Web socket service. The
data is stored in the cloud and also visualized using a cloud-based application.
The analysis components in the cloud can trigger alerts if vibration levels grater
than threshold value.

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 IoT Level-4(Noise monitoring)

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IoT Level-4(Noise Monitoring)
 A level-4 IoT system has multiple nodes that perform local analysis. Data is
stored in the cloud and application is cloud-based.
 Level-4 contains local and cloud- based observer nodes which can subscribe
to and receive information collected in the cloud from IoT devices.
 Level-4 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where multiple nodes are
required, the data involved is big and the analysis requirements are
computationally intensive.
Example:- Noise monitoring
the system consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations
for monitoring noise levels in an area. The nodes in this example are equipped
with sound sensors. Nodes are independent of each other. Each node runs its
own controller service that sends the data to the cloud. The data us stored in
cloud-database. The analysis of data collected from a number of nodes is done in
the cloud.

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IoT Level-5(Forest fire detection)

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IoT Level-5(Forest fire detection)
 A level-5 IoT system has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node.
 The end nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation.
 Coordinator node collects data from the end nodes and sends to the
cloud. Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and application is cloud-
based.
 Level-5 IoT systems are suitable for solutions based on wireless sensor
networks, in which the data involved is big and the analysis requirements
are computationally intensive.
Example:- Forest Fire Detection
The system consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations for
monitoring temperature, humidity and co2 levels in the forest. The end nodes in this are
equipped with various sensors( temparature, humidity and co2). The coordinator node
collects the data from the end nodes and acts as a gateway that provides Internet
connectivity to the IoT system. The controller service on the coordinator device sends the
collected data to the cloud. The data is stored in cloud database. The analysis is done in the
computing cloud to aggregate the data and make predictions.
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IoT Level-6(Weather monitoring)

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 IoT Level-6(Weather monitoring)
 A level-6 IoT system has multiple independent end nodes that perform
sensing and/or actuation and send data to the cloud.
 Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud-based.
 The analytics component analyzes the data and stores the results in the
cloud database.
 The results are visualized with the cloud-based application.
 The centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end nodes and
sends control commands to the nodes.
Example:- Weather monitoring.
The system consist of multiple nodes placed in different locations
for monitoring temperature, humidity and pressure in an area. The end nodes
in this are equipped with various sensors( temperature, humidity and
pressure.)The end nodes sends the data to the cloud in real-time using a web-
socket. The data is stored in cloud. The analysis of data is done in cloud to
aggregate the data and make predictions.
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