Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Mohamed Sajid
Guided by:
Dr. Hemalatha
DEFINITION
• Hypersensitivity refers to the undesirable injurious consequences in a
sensitized host, following contact with specific antigen.
• Delayed (Type 4)
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IMMEDIATE AND
DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS
Immediate Hypersensitivity Delayed Hypersensitivity
Reaction Reaction
• Appears slowly but lasts longer.
• Appears and recedes rapidly.
• Antigen or hapten intradermally or with
• Induced by antigens or haptens by any Freund’s adjuvant or by skin contact.
route.
• Circulating antibodies may be absent
• Circulating antibodies present and and not responsible for reaction.
responsible for reaction.
• Cell mediated
• Antibody mediated
• Transfer with T cells or transfer factor.
• Passive transfer possible with serum.
• Difficult but long-lasting.
• Desensitization is easy but short-lived.
TYPE 1 HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION
(ANAPHYLACTIC)
They occur in two forms:
I. Anaphylaxis – Acute, potentially fatal, systemic form
• IgE dependent
• Induced by antigens and haptens.
• Clinical features: Smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability
• Types: Cutaneous, Passive Cutaneous, Anaphylaxis in vitro
• Primary mediators: Histamine, Serotonin, Chemotactic factors, Enzymatic mediators
• Secondary mediators: Prostaglandins and leukotrienes, PAF
• Signs and Symptoms: Itching of scalp and tongue, skin flushing, bronchospasm, eventually
leading to acute hypotension, loss of consciousness and death
II. Atopy – Chronic, non-fatal, localized form
• Atopic sensitivity – caused by overproduction of IgE antibodies
• Symptoms: Conjunctivitis, rhinitis, GiT symptoms, dermatitis
TYPE 2 HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION
(CYTOTOXIC)
• Two Types
1. Tuberculin (infection) type
2. Contact Dermatitis type
Tuberculin type
• When a small dose of tuberculin injected intradermally in an individual
sensitized to tuberculoprotein by prior infection or immunization – induration
and inflammatory reaction – within 48-72 hrs. No response in unsensitized
individual.
• Tuberculin test indicates state of delayed hypersensitivity.