welcome to

session on
SUPERCRITICAL
TECHNOLOGY
HISTORY OF
COAL

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 HISTORY OF
COAL POWER

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 THERMAL POWER

SOLID LIQUID
FUEL FUEL

GASEIOUS
4
 FUEL AAILABILITY

SOLID FUEL LIQUID FUEL

-MORE – MORE

GASEIOUS -
LESS
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 RANKING OF

SOLID LIQUID
FUEL FUEL

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No Details Solid Liquid
1 Calorific value Base More
2 Moisture Base Very less
3 Ash Base Very less
4 Storage yard Base Very less
5 Grinding power Base Very less
6 Fuel quality Base Very
variation stable
7 Fuel requirement Base less

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No Details Solid Liquid
8 Heat rate Base Less
9 Auxiliary power Base Very less
10 Dust handling Base Very less
11 Ash handling Base No need
system
12 Water requirement Base Very less
13 Sizing of boiler Base Very less
system
14 Number of systems Base less

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RANK -1

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RANK -1

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RANK -1

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06.10.1973

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NEGOTIATIONS

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NEGOTIATIONS -18.01.1974

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NEGOTIATIONS - 05.03.1974

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NEGOTIATIONS - 17.03.1974

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STRUGGLING FOR SURVEYAL

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STRUGGLING FOR SURVEYAL

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EFFECT OF OIL CRISIS

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CONSERVATIVE MEASURES

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CONSERVATIVE MEASURES

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CONSERVATIVE MEASURES

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CONSERVATIVE MEASURES

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CONSERVATIVE MEASURES

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OIL SHOCK

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EFFECT OF OIL CRISIS

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IMPROVEMENT MEASURES

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EFFECT OF OIL CRISIS

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BEYOND MEASURES

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BEYOND MEASURES

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BEYOND MEASURES
LESSON TO WORLD

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EFFECT OF OIL CRISIS

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DIVERSIFICATION MEASURES

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DIVERSIFICATION MEASURES

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DIVERSIFICATION MEASURES

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COAL FIRED BOILERS

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 COMPARISON OF SUB AND SUPER
NO DETAILS SUB CRITICAL SUPER
CRITICAL
1 COST BASE MORE + +
2 TIME OF INSTALLATION BASE ++ MORE
3 TECHNOLOGY STATUS PROVEN INITIAL
++
4 EMISSION LEVELS MORE BASE ++
5 EFFICIENCY BASE MORE ++
6 METALLURGY NO ++ YES
CONSTRAINTS
7 TREND YES HESITATION

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RESULT OF OIL SHOCK -1973

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THE ERA OF SUB CRITICAL BOILERS START

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 RESULT OF OIL SHOCK -1973
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Column2
12
The cost
10
of oil
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increased
6
by four
4
times
2

0
Before war After war

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INFERRENCE -1973 WAR

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COAL

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COAL

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BROWN COAL

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Initial stage conversion – stage -1

LIGNITE
Lignite
•The softest of the four types of coal.
•It is a brownish black in color.
•very crumbly and primarily
•Used for the generation of electricity.
•Because of its color referred to as "brown
coal."
•Millions of tons of plants and trees that
decayed about 50-70 million years ago.
Stage -2 conversion

SEMIBITUMNOUS
COAL
•It Is a medium soft coal that contains
much less moisture than lignite.
•It is primary use is in the generation of
electricity.
•The carbon content runs from 35%-45%
•its heat value generally ranges from
4165+KCAL/KG .
Stage -3 conversion

BITUMNOUS COAL
•less moisture than the sub-bituminous type.
•The carbon content is generally from 45%-
85%.
•Its heat value ranges from
•greater than the sub-bituminous types.
• used for electrical generation,
•It is also used in making coke or coking coal,
•Coke is an essential ingredient in making steel.
Stage - 4 conversion

ANTHRACITE
Anthracite coal
• Discovered in 1769
• is the hardest of the four types.
•It averages 85%-95% carbon content
• the highest heating value of the four types of coal.
• four times as much as seasoned hard-maple
firewood.
•Anthracite makes excellent home heating fuel
•stored on the ground for long periods of time
COMPOSITION OF COAL
ANALYSIS OF COAL
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS
ULTIMATE ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS OF COAL
 COAL –PROXIMATE
No details 1 2 3 4

1 moisture % 8 10 10 20
2 ash % 29 40 32 40
3 volatiles % 31 24 21.46 15
4 Fixed % 36 26 36.54 25
carbon
5 gcv Kcal 5125 3870 4300 3200
/kg
 COAL –ULTIMATE
No details 1 2 3 4

1 moisture % 8 10 10 20
2 ash % 29 40 32 40
3 Carbon % 51.3 39.3 45.01 40.36
4 hydrogen % 3.5 2.8 2.02 3.5
5 Nitrogen % 1.8 1.9 0.95 0.86

6 Oxygen % 7.3 5.4 8.84 8.85

7 sulphur % 0.7 0.7 0.38 0.36

 MOISTURE
• REDUCES HEATING VALUE.

• DECREASE EFFICIENCY.

• CORROSION.
 ASH
• REDUCES HEATING VALUE

• INCREASES EROSION
 CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION OF ASH
NO NAME OXIDES OF IMPACT ON AFT
1 SILICA INCREASE
2 ALUMINA INCREASE
3 IRON DECREASE
4 CALCIUM INCREASE
5 MAGNESIUM INCREASE
6 SODIUM DECREASE
7 POTASSIUM DECREASE
8 SULPUR DECREASE
9 TITANIUM INCREASE
 VOLATILES
• GAS CONENT OF FUEL

• DECIDES IGNITION
 FIXED CARBON
• SOLID PORTION

• GRINDING
 HARD GROOVE INDEX
• SMOOTHNESS OF GRINDING

• COAL --- 50
• LIGNITE ----80 - 200
• MARCASITE ----- 50
 ASH FUSION
TEMEPERATURE
• APPLY HEAT TO ASH CONE OF
HEIGHT h mm and base is equal to
height.

ASH
CONE

APPLY HEAT
 ASH FUSION
TEMEPERATURE
• The temperature at which the tip of
the cone starts deforms is termed
as initial deformation point – IDT

ASH
CONE

APPLY HEAT
 ASH FUSION
TEMEPERATURE
• On Further heating the temperature
at which the tip of the cone
deforms and softened is termed as
softening temperature– ST.

ASH
CONE

APPLY HEAT
 ASH FUSION
TEMEPERATURE
• On Further heating the temperature
at which deformed ash cone
becomes hemispherical shape ( half
of the height of the cone ) is
termed as hemispherical
temperature– HT.
ASH
CONE

APPLY HEAT
 ASH FUSION
TEMEPERATURE
• On Further heating the temperature
at which hemispherical shape
becomes fluid state is termed as
Flow temperature– FT.

ASH
CONE -???

APPLY HEAT
The Ash Fusion characteristic of coal is
directly related to its composition
primarily SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, Fe2O3.
Under oxidizing condition, the three
component system of SiO2-Al2O3-
CaO and SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3.
.The alkalis present in the form of
oxides as K2O, Na2O also contribute to
the fusion temperature of the ash as
base component in separate three
component system, when present in
considerable amount.
 BOILER FURNACE
OUTLET TEMPERATURE
DESIGN
 COAL – PRIME SOURCE OF ENERGY

THE TREND CLEARLY

FAVOURS COAL POWER

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NO GAIN WITH OUT PAIN .
LET US FACE THE CHALLENGES AND
CONVERT IN TO ACHIEVEMENTS
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THANK YOU
Super critical technology - need of the hour
??????????????????????
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NATURE AND NATURE ONLY 86