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Chapter 6:
Power Flows
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0
website, in whole or in part.
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Gauss Iteration
There are a number of different iterative methods
we can use. We'll consider two: Gauss and Newton.
Stopping Criteria
A key problem to address is when to stop the
iteration. With the Gauss iteration we stop when
x ( v ) with x ( v ) x ( v 1) x ( v )
If x is a scalar this is clear, but if x is a vector we
need to generalize the absolute value by using a norm
x ( v )
j
Two common norms are the Euclidean & infinity
n
x 2 i
x 2
x max i x i
i 1
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
S*i n n
Vi*
YikVk YiiVi YikVk
k 1 k 1,k i
1 S*i n
Vi * YikVk
Yii V k 1,k i
i
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Slack Bus
In the previous example we specified S2 and V1 and then
solved for S1 and V2.
We can not arbitrarily specify S at all buses because total
generation must equal total load + total losses
We also need an angle reference bus.
To solve these problems we define one bus as the "slack"
bus. This bus has a fixed voltage magnitude and angle,
and a varying real/reactive power injection.
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
1 S*i n
Vi( v 1) ( v )* YikVk( v )
Yii V k 1, k i
i
hi (V1( v ) ,V2( v ) ,...,Vn( v ) )
But after we've determined Vi( v 1) we have a better
estimate of its voltage, so it makes sense to use this
new value. This approach is known as the
Gauss-Seidel iteration.
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Gauss-Seidel Iteration
Immediately use the new voltage estimates:
V2( v 1) h2 (V1 ,V2( v ) ,V3( v ) ,,Vn( v ) )
V3( v 1) h2 (V1 ,V2( v 1) ,V3( v ) ,,Vn( v ) )
V4( v 1) h2 (V1 ,V2( v 1) ,V3( v 1) ,V4( v ) ,Vn( v ) )
Vn( v 1) h2 (V1 ,V2( v 1) ,V3( v 1) ,V4( v 1) ,Vn( v ) )
The Gauss-Seidel works better than the Gauss, and
is actually easier to implement. It is used instead
of Gauss.
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
( v )* n (v)
Hence Qi( v ) Im Vi YikV
k 1
k
In the iteration we use Si( v ) Pi jQi( v )
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Bus 1 Bus 2
V1 = 1.0 V2 = 1.05
(slack bus)
P2 = 0 MW
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Gauss-Seidel Advantages
Each iteration is relatively fast (computational order is
proportional to number of branches + number of buses in
the system)
Relatively easy to program
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Gauss-Seidel Disadvantages
Tends to converge relatively slowly, although this can be
improved with acceleration
Has tendency to miss solutions, particularly on large
systems
Tends to diverge on cases with negative branch reactances
(common with compensated lines)
Need to program using complex numbers
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Newton-Raphson Algorithm
The second major power flow solution method is the
Newton-Raphson algorithm
Key idea behind Newton-Raphson is to use sequential
linearization
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Newton-Raphson Example
Use Newton-Raphson to solve f ( x) x 2 - 2 0
The equation we must iteratively solve is
1
df ( x ) (v )
x (v)
f ( x (v)
)
dx
x ( v ) 1 (v) 2
( v ) (( x ) - 2)
2x
x ( v 1) x ( v ) x ( v )
x ( v 1)
x (v) 1 (v) 2
( v ) (( x ) - 2)
2x
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
At each
iteration, the
N-R method
uses a linear
approximation
to determine
Function is f(x) = x2 - 2 = 0. the next value
Solutions are points where for x
f(x) intersects f(x) = 0 axis
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Newton-Raphson Comments
When close to the solution, the error decreases quite
quickly—method has quadratic convergence
f(x(v)) is known as the mismatch, which we would like to
drive to zero
Stopping criteria is when f(x(v)) <
Results are dependent upon the initial guess. What if we
had guessed x(0) = 0, or x (0) = -1?
A solution’s region of attraction (ROA) is the set of initial
guesses that converge to the particular solution. The ROA is
often hard to determine
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Multivariable Newton-Raphson
Next we generalize to the case where x is an n-
dimension vector, and f (x) is an n-dimension function
x1 f1 (x)
x f ( x)
x 2 f ( x) 2
x f ( x)
n n
Again define the solution xˆ so f (xˆ ) 0 and
x xˆ x
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
f n (x) f n ( x)
f n (xˆ ) f n ( x) x1 x2
x1 x2
f n (x)
xn higher order terms
xn
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Jacobian Matrix
The n by n matrix of partial derivatives is known
as the Jacobian matrix, J (x)
f1 (x) f1 (x) f1 (x)
x x2 xn
1
f 2 (x) f 2 (x) f 2 (x)
J (x) x1 x2 xn
f (x) f n (x) f n (x)
n
x1 x2 xn
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Multivariable Example
x1
Solve for x = such that f (x) 0 where
x2
f1 (x) 2 x12 x22 8 0
f 2 (x) x12 x22 x1 x2 4 0
First symbolically determine the Jacobian
f1 (x) f1 (x)
x x2
J (x) = 1
f 2 (x) f 2 (x)
x1 x2
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
fi ( x) n
i
Vi Vk (Gik sin ik Bik cos ik )
k 1
k i
fi ( x)
Vi V j (Gik sin ik Bik cos ik ) ( j i )
j
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
PV Buses
Since the voltage magnitude at PV buses is fixed, there
is no need to explicitly include these voltages in x or
write the reactive power balance equations
– the reactive power output of the generator varies to
maintain the fixed terminal voltage (within limits)
– optionally, these variations/equations can be included
by just writing the explicit voltage constraint for the
generator bus
|Vi | – Vi setpoint = 0
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Line Z = 0.1j
0 MW 200 MW
0 MVR 100 MVR
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
200.0 MW -200.0 MW
168.3 MVR Line Z = 0.1j -100.0 MVR
200.0 MW 200 MW
168.3 MVR 100 MVR
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whole or in part. 56
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
200.0 MW 200 MW
831.7 MVR 100 MVR
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whole or in part. 58
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
MVA
2 1 8 MW
1 .0 2 pu RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck
5 4 M var
A A A
1 .0 3 pu
Using
A
MVA
T IM 1 3 8
MVA
MVA
1 .0 0 pu 3 3 MW A
1 .0 2 pu
1 3 M var MVA
A
A
1 6 .0 M var 1 8 MW
1 .0 2 pu RA Y 6 9
MVA
MVA 5 M var 3 7 MW
A
1 7 MW A
MVA
1 .0 2 pu
2 3 MW
7 M var
T IM 6 9
MVA
A
1 .0 1 pu
P A I6 9
A
1 .0 1 pu
MVA
GRO SS6 9 A
MVA
3 M var
FERNA 6 9
MVA
1 .0 1 pu
1 3 M var
WO LEN6 9
case
2 1 MW
M O RO 1 3 8
A
from
MVA
MVA
H ISKY 6 9 7 M var
A
A
4 .8 M var
1 2 MW MVA
A MVA
5 M var 2 0 MW 1 .0 0 pu MVA
8 M var A
1 .0 0 pu BO B1 3 8
P ET E6 9 A
DEM A R6 9
Example
MVA
1 .0 0 pu A A
H A NNA H 6 9 5 8 MW
MVA
MVA MVA
5 1 MW 4 0 M var
4 5 MW
1 5 M var A
1 .0 2 pu BO B6 9
1 2 M var
2 9 .0 M var MVA
UIUC 6 9 0 .9 9 pu
1 4 .3 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 4 0 MW 5 6 MW
MVA
A
MVA
5 8 MW
A
MVA
1 2 .8 M var
A
A
MVA
4 5 M var
0 MW
0 M var
A
1 3 M var
1 4 MW
LY NN1 3 8
6.13
0 .9 9 7 pu BLT 1 3 8
3 6 M var MVA 1 .0 0 pu MVA 4 M var
0 .9 9 pu A M A NDA 6 9 A
A
A
SH IM KO 6 9 1 .0 2 pu
H O M ER6 9 3 3 MW
MVA
MVA
7 .4 M var
A
MVA
1 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu A
BLT 6 9 MVA
A 1 .0 1 pu MVA
1 5 MW A MVA
1 5 MW
3 M var H A LE6 9 A 1 0 6 MW 5 M var
MVA
1 .0 0 pu 8 M var A
MVA
3 6 MW
MVA
A
A A
1 .0 1 pu
6 0 MW MVA 1 0 M var 7 .2 M var MVA
A
A
MVA
1 2 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA
0 .0 M var A
MVA
4 5 MW 1 4 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
1 .0 0 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
LA UF6 9 2 M var
1 .0 2 pu
2 3 MW
2 2 MW 0 MW
A A
6 M var 1 4 MW A
2 0 MW 1 5 M var 0 M var
MVA MVA 3 M var MVA
3 0 M var
1 .0 2 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
LA UF1 3 8 1 .0 2 pu SA V O Y 6 9 4 2 MW
1 .0 0 pu
2 M var
1 .0 1 pu BUC KY 1 3 8 A
MVA
A A
1 5 0 MW
MVA 1 .0 1 pu SA V O Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
0 M var
MVA MVA
1 5 0 MW
A
0 M var
MVA
1 .0 3 pu
1 .0 2 pu A
MVA
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
0.941 pu
One 1.000 pu Two -7.469 Deg
170.0 MW 200 MW
68.2 MVR 100 MVR
Line Z = 0.1j Line Z = 0.1j
Three 1.000 pu
30 MW
63 MVR
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whole or in part. 61
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
160.0 MW -160.0 MW
120.0 MVR Line Z = 0.1j -80.0 MVR
0.894 pu
One 1.000 pu Two -10.304 Deg
160.0 MW 160 MW
120.0 MVR 80 MVR
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whole or in part. 65
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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whole or in part. 67
67
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Dishonest Newton-Raphson
Since most of the time in the Newton-Raphson iteration
is spend calculating the inverse of the Jacobian, one
way to speed up the iterations is to only
calculate/inverse the Jacobian occasionally
– known as the “Dishonest” Newton-Raphson
– an extreme example is to only calculate the Jacobian
for the first iteration
Honest: x(v1) x( v ) - J (x( v ) )-1 f (x( v ) )
Dishonest: x(v1) x( v ) - J (x(0) )-1 f (x( v ) )
Both require f (x(v ) ) for a solution
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Maximum
of 15
iterations
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Decoupling Approximation
P ( v ) Q ( v )
Usually the off-diagonal matrices, and
V θ
are small. Therefore we approximate them as zero:
P ( v )
0
θ (v )
P (x( v ) )
θ
f ( x (v)
)
Q V
(v ) ( v )
Q(x )
( v )
0
V
Then the problem can be decoupled
1 1
P ( v ) (v ) Q (v)
θ( v ) P ( x (v )
) V Q ( x (v )
)
θ V
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
FDPF Approximations
The FDPF makes the following approximations:
1. G ij 0
2. Vi 1
3. sin ij 0 cos ij 1
Then
1 P ( x (v)
) ( v ) 1 Q ( x (v)
)
θ B
(v )
(v )
V B
V V (v )
Where B is just the imaginary part of the Ybus G jB,
except the slack bus row/column are omitted
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
One Two
200 MW
100 MVR
Line Z = j0.05 Line Z = j0.1
Three 1.000 pu
200 MW
34.3 14.3 20
100 MVR
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
θ B 1 P
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
360 MW 520 MW
MVA MVA
A
0 Mvar
MVA
slack
0 Mvar
1.000 pu 1.000 pu A A
1.000 pu 80 MW
0.000 Deg -4.125 Deg MVA MVA
-1.997 Deg 0 Mvar
1.000 pu
0.524 Deg
1.000 pu Two
-18.695 Deg
800 MW
0 Mvar
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
131.9 MW
124%
One Two
200.0 MW 200 MW
68.1 MW 68.1 MW
71.0 MVR 100 MVR
0 MW
64 MVR
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
100%
One Two
105.0 MW 200 MW
3.4 MW 98.4 MW
64.3 MVR 100 MVR
92%
Z for all lines = j0.1
Limit for all lines = 150 MVA
1.000 pu
Three
95 MW
64 MVR
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Analytic Sensitivities
From the fast decoupled power flow we know
θ B 1P (x)
So to get the change in θ due to a change of
generation at bus k, just set P ( x) equal to
all zeros except a minus one at position k.
0
P 1 Bus k
0
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
T2
800 MVA
1 T1 5 4 345/15 kV 3 520 MVA
Line 3
345 kV
50 mi
400 MVA 800 MVA
15 kV 15 kV
Line 2
Line 1
400 MVA 345 kV 345 kV 40 Mvar 80 MW
15/345 kV 100 mi 200 mi
2
280 Mvar 800 MW
Single-line diagram
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Maximum
R’ X’ G’ B’ MVA
Bus-to- per unit per unit per unit per unit per unit
Table 2. Bus
Line input data 2-4 0.0090 0.100 0 1.72 12.0
2-5 0.0045 0.050 0 0.88 12.0
4-5 0.00225 0.025 0 0.44 12.0
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
2 P2 = PG2-PL2 = -8 V2, 2
Q2 = QG2-QL2 = -2.8
Table 4. Input data
and unknowns 3 V3 = 1.05 Q3, 3
P3 = PG3-PL3 = 4.4
4 P4 = 0, Q4 = 0 V4, 4
5 P5 = 0, Q5 = 0 V5, 5
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Ybus Details
Elements of Ybus connected to bus 2
Y21 Y23 0
1 1
Y24 0.89276 j 9.91964 per unit
R24 jX 24 0.009 j 0.1
' '
1 1
Y25 ' 1.78552 j19.83932 per unit
R25 jX 25 0.0045 j 0.05
'
' '
1 1 B24 B25
Y22 ' ' j j
R24 jX 24 R25 jX 25
' '
2 2
1.72 0.88
(0.89276 j 9.91964) (1.78552 j19.83932) j j
2 2
2.67828 j 28.4590 28.5847 84.624 per unit
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
MVA MVA
395 MW A
520 MW
MVA
1.000 pu 0.974 pu A A
1.019 pu 80 MW
0.000 Deg -4.548 Deg MVA MVA
-2.834 Deg 40 Mvar
1.050 pu
-0.597 Deg
0.834 pu Two
-22.406 Deg
800 MW
280 Mvar
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
MVA
2 2 0 MW
1 .0 3 pu RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck
5 2 M var
System Losses: 10.70 MW A A A
1 .0 2 pu SLA C K1 3 8
T IM 3 4 5
MVA MVA MVA
1 .0 2 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A A
A
1 .0 3 pu
MVA MVA
T IM 1 3 8 3 3 MW A MVA
1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 3 pu
1 3 M var MVA
1 5 .9 M var 1 8 MW
A 1 .0 2 pu RA Y 6 9
A 5 M var 3 7 MW
MVA A
1 7 MW A
MVA
P A I6 9 1 3 M var
1 .0 1 pu MVA 3 M var MVA
1 .0 2 pu T IM 6 9
A 1 .0 1 pu GRO SS6 9 A
2 3 MW
MVA
MVA
FERNA 6 9
7 M var A
1 .0 1 pu WO LEN6 9
A A
1 2 MW
H ISKY 6 9
MVA
3 M var
MVA MVA P ET E6 9 A
A
A
4 .9 M var
M O RO 1 3 8 MVA
5 8 MW A MVA
3 9 MW MVA
4 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu MVA
1 3 M var 1 .0 0 pu BO B1 3 8
1 2 MW
A
6 0 MW
MVA
1 9 M var
MVA MVA
1 .0 0 pu 2 0 MW
1 .0 0 pu
A
1 .0 2 pu BO B6 9
1 2 M var
0 .9 9 pu 1 4 .2 M var UIUC 6 9 MVA
1 .0 0 pu
1 2 .8 M var 1 2 4 MW 5 6 MW
KYLE69 A A
4 5 M var
A
MVA MVA 1 3 M var LY NN1 3 8
1 6 MW
MVA
A -1 4 M var
2 5 MW A A
MVA 1 4 MW
3 6 M var BLT 1 3 8
A M A NDA 6 9
MVA
1 .0 0 pu MVA 4 M var
A 0 .9 9 pu A A
BLT 6 9 MVA
A
1 .0 1 pu MVA
A
1 5 MW
2 0 MW
MVA
H A LE6 9 5 5 MW 5 M var
3 M var MVA A
2 5 M var A
1 .0 0 pu MVA
3 6 MW
MVA
A
A A
1 .0 1 pu
6 0 MW MVA 1 0 M var 7 .3 M var MVA
A
A
MVA
1 2 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA
0 .0 M var A
MVA
4 5 MW 1 4 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
1 .0 1 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
LA UF6 9 2 M var
1 .0 2 pu
2 3 MW
2 2 MW 1 0 MW
A A
6 M var 1 4 MW A
2 0 MW 1 5 M var 5 M var
3 M var
2 8 M var
MVA MVA MVA
1 .0 2 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
LA UF1 3 8 1 .0 2 pu SA V O Y 6 9 3 8 MW
1 .0 0 pu
3 M var
1 .0 1 pu BUC KY 1 3 8 A
A MVA A
1 5 0 MW
MVA 1 .0 1 pu SA V O Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
0 M var
MVA MVA
1 5 0 MW
A
0 M var
MVA
1 .0 3 pu
1 .0 2 pu A
MVA
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 103
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
MVA
2 2 7 MW
1 .0 3 pu RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck
4 3 M var
System Losses: 17.61 MW A A A
1 .0 2 pu SL A C K1 3 8
T IM 3 4 5
MVA MVA MVA
1 .0 2 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A A
A
1 .0 3 pu
MVA MVA
T IM 1 3 8 3 3 MW A MVA
1 .0 1 pu 1 .0 3 pu
1 3 M var MVA
1 6 .0 M var 1 8 MW
A 1 .0 2 pu RA Y 6 9
A 5 M var 3 7 MW
MVA A
1 7 MW A
MVA
P A I6 9 1 3 M var
1 .0 1 pu MVA 3 M var MVA
1 .0 2 pu T IM 6 9
A 1 .0 1 pu GRO SS6 9 A
2 3 MW
MVA
MVA
FERNA 6 9
7 M var A
1 .0 1 pu WO L EN6 9
A A
1 2 MW
H ISKY 6 9
MVA
3 M var
MVA MVA P ET E6 9 A
A
4 .9 M var
M O RO 1 3 8 5 8 MW A MVA
3 9 MW MVA
4 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu MVA
1 3 M var 1 .0 0 pu BOB1 3 8
1 2 MW
A
6 0 MW
MVA
1 9 M var
MVA MVA
1 .0 0 pu 2 0 MW
1 .0 0 pu
A
1 .0 2 pu BOB6 9
1 2 M var
0 .9 0 pu 1 1 .6 M var UIUC 6 9 MVA
1 .0 0 pu
1 2 .8 M var 1 2 4 MW 5 6 MW
KYLE69 A A
4 5 M var
A
MVA MVA 1 3 M var L Y NN1 3 8
1 6 MW
MVA
A -1 4 M var
2 5 MW A A
MVA 1 4 MW
3 6 M var BLT 1 3 8
A M A NDA 6 9
MVA
1 .0 0 pu MVA 4 M var
A 0 .9 0 pu A A
BLT 6 9 MVA
A
1 .0 1 pu MVA
A
1 5 MW
2 0 MW 135%
MVA
H A L E6 9 5 5 MW 5 M var
3 M var MVA
A
3 2 M var A
0 .9 4 pu MVA
3 6 MW
MVA
A
A A
1 .0 1 pu
6 0 MW MVA 1 0 M var 7 .2 M var MVA
A
A
MVA
1 2 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA
0 .0 M var A
MVA
4 5 MW 1 4 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
1 .0 0 pu WEB ER6 9 0 M var
L A UF6 9 2 M var
1 .0 1 pu
2 3 MW
A 2 2 MW 1 0 MW
A
6 M var 1 4 MW A
A MVA A
1 5 0 MW
MVA 1 .0 1 pu SA V O Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
4 M var
MVA MVA
1 5 0 MW
A
4 M var
MVA
1 .0 3 pu
1 .0 2 pu A
MVA
Contingency Analysis
Contingency
analysis provides
an automatic
way of looking
at all the
statistically
likely
contingencies. In
this example, the
contingency set
is all the single
line/transformer
outages.
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 106
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 107
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
An Unreliable Solution
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
A
SLA C K3 4 5
MVA
A
MVA
2 6 9 MW
1 .0 2 pu RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck
6 7 M var
System Losses: 14.49 MW A A A
1 .0 2 pu SLA C K1 3 8
T IM 3 4 5
MVA MVA MVA
1 .0 1 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A A
A
1 .0 3 pu
MVA MVA
T IM 1 3 8 3 3 MW A MVA
0 .9 9 pu 1 .0 2 pu
1 3 M var MVA
1 5 .9 M var 1 8 MW
A 1 .0 2 pu RA Y 6 9
A 5 M var 3 7 MW
MVA A
1 7 MW A
MVA
P A I6 9 1 3 M var
1 .0 1 pu MVA 3 M var MVA
1 .0 2 pu T IM 6 9
A 1 .0 1 pu GRO SS6 9 A
2 3 MW
MVA
MVA
FERNA 6 9
7 M var A
1 .0 1 pu WO LEN6 9
A A
1 2 MW
H ISKY 6 9
MVA
3 M var
MVA A MVA P ET E6 9 A
A
4 .9 M var
M O RO 1 3 8 96% 5 8 MW A MVA
MVA
3 9 MW MVA
4 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu MVA
1 3 M var 1 .0 0 pu BO B1 3 8
1 2 MW
A
6 0 MW
MVA
1 9 M var
MVA MVA
1 .0 0 pu 2 0 MW
1 .0 0 pu
A
1 .0 2 pu BO B6 9
1 2 M var
0 .9 7 pu 1 3 .6 M var UIUC 6 9 MVA
1 .0 0 pu
1 2 .8 M var 1 2 4 MW 5 6 MW
KYLE69 A A
4 5 M var
A
MVA MVA 1 3 M var LY NN1 3 8
1 6 MW
MVA
A -1 4 M var
2 5 MW A A
MVA 1 4 MW
3 6 M var BLT 1 3 8
MVA
1 .0 0 pu MVA 4 M var
A 0 .9 7 pu A A
A
1 5 MW
2 0 MW
MVA
H A LE6 9 5 5 MW 5 M var
3 M var MVA A
2 8 M var A
0 .9 9 pu MVA
3 6 MW
MVA
A
A A
1 .0 1 pu
6 0 MW MVA 1 0 M var 7 .3 M var MVA
A
A
MVA
1 2 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA
0 .0 M var A
MVA
4 5 MW 1 4 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
1 .0 1 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
LA UF6 9 2 M var
1 .0 2 pu
2 3 MW
2 2 MW 1 0 MW
A A
6 M var 1 4 MW A
2 0 MW 1 5 M var 5 M var
3 M var
4 0 M var
MVA MVA MVA
1 .0 2 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
LA UF1 3 8 1 .0 2 pu SA V O Y 6 9 3 8 MW
1 .0 0 pu
4 M var
1 .0 1 pu BUC KY 1 3 8 A
A MVA A
1 5 0 MW
MVA 1 .0 1 pu SA V O Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
1 M var
MVA MVA
1 5 0 MW
A
1 M var
MVA
1 .0 3 pu
1 .0 2 pu A
MVA
A Reliable Solution
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
A
SLA C K3 4 5
MVA
A
MVA
2 6 6 MW
1 .0 2 pu RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck
5 9 M var
System Losses: 11.66 MW A A A
1 .0 2 pu SLA C K1 3 8
T IM 3 4 5
MVA MVA MVA
1 .0 1 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A A
A
1 .0 3 pu
MVA MVA
T IM 1 3 8 3 3 MW A MVA
1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 3 pu
1 3 M var MVA
1 5 .8 M var 1 8 MW
A 1 .0 2 pu RA Y 6 9
A 5 M var 3 7 MW
MVA A
1 7 MW A
MVA
P A I6 9 1 3 M var
1 .0 1 pu MVA 3 M var MVA
1 .0 2 pu T IM 6 9
A 1 .0 1 pu GRO SS6 9 A
2 3 MW
MVA
MVA
FERNA 6 9
7 M var A
1 .0 1 pu WO LEN6 9
A A
1 2 MW
H ISKY 6 9
MVA
3 M var
MVA MVA P ET E6 9 A
A
A
4 .9 M var
M O RO 1 3 8 MVA
5 8 MW A MVA
3 9 MW MVA
4 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu MVA
1 3 M var 1 .0 0 pu BO B1 3 8
1 2 MW
A
6 0 MW
MVA
MVA MVA
1 9 M var
Kyle138 2 0 MW
0 .9 9 pu
A
1 .0 2 pu BO B6 9
1 2 M var
0 .9 9 pu 1 4 .1 M var UIUC 6 9 MVA
A
1 .0 0 pu
1 2 .8 M var 1 2 4 MW 5 6 MW
M VA
KYLE69 A A
4 5 M var
A
MVA MVA 1 3 M var LY NN1 3 8
1 6 MW
MVA
A -1 4 M var
2 5 MW A A
MVA 1 4 MW
3 6 M var BLT 1 3 8
MVA
1 .0 0 pu MVA 4 M var
A 0 .9 9 pu A A
A
1 5 MW
2 0 MW
MVA
H A LE6 9 5 5 MW 5 M var
3 M var MVA A
2 9 M var A
1 .0 0 pu MVA
MVA
A
A
3 6 MW A
1 .0 1 pu
6 0 MW MVA 1 0 M var 7 .3 M var MVA
A
A
MVA
1 2 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA
0 .0 M var A
MVA
4 5 MW 1 4 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
1 .0 1 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
LA UF6 9 2 M var
1 .0 2 pu
2 3 MW
2 2 MW 1 0 MW
A A
6 M var 1 4 MW A
2 0 MW 1 5 M var 5 M var
3 M var
3 8 M var
MVA MVA MVA
1 .0 2 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
LA UF1 3 8 1 .0 2 pu SA V O Y 6 9 3 8 MW
1 .0 0 pu
4 M var
1 .0 1 pu BUC KY 1 3 8 A
A MVA A
1 5 0 MW
MVA 1 .0 1 pu SA V O Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
1 M var
MVA MVA
1 5 0 MW
A
1 M var
MVA
1 .0 3 pu
1 .0 2 pu A
MVA
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 110
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
MVA
1 6 2 MW
0 .0 0 pu RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck
3 5 M var
A A A
0 .0 0 pu SL A C K1 3 8
T IM 3 4 5
MVA MVA MVA
-0 .0 1 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A A
A
0 .0 0 pu
MVA
T IM 1 3 8
MVA
0 .0 0 pu 0 MW
A MVA
0 .0 0 pu
0 M var
-0 .1 M var 0 MW
A MVA
A
-0 .0 1 pu RA Y 6 9
MVA
MVA 0 M var 0 MW
A
0 MW A
0 .0 0 pu T IM 6 9 P A I6 9 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu MVA 0 M var MVA
A
0 MW 0 .0 0 pu GRO SS6 9 A
A
0 M var
MVA
A
MVA
FERNA 6 9
MVA 0 .0 0 pu WO L EN6 9
A 0 MW
M O RO 1 3 8
H ISKY 6 9
MVA
0 M var
MVA A
A
-0 .1 M var
0 MW MVA
A MVA
0 M var 0 MW -0 .0 1 pu
MVA
0 M var A
-0 .0 3 pu BOB1 3 8
P ET E6 9 A
DEM A R6 9
0 .0 0 pu
MVA A A
H A NNA H 6 9 0 MW
MVA
0 MW 0 M var
MVA MVA
0 MW
0 M var
A
0 .0 0 pu BOB6 9
0 M var
-0 .2 M var
UIUC 6 9 0 .0 0 pu
MVA
-0 .1 M var
0 .0 0 pu -1 5 7 M W 0 MW
-0 .1 M var
A
-4 5 M var
A
MVA 0 M var L Y NN1 3 8
A
0 MW
MVA
A 0 M var
MVA
A
0 MW A
0 MW
-0 .0 0 2 pu
MVA
BLT 1 3 8
0 M var MVA -0 .0 3 pu MVA 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu A M A NDA 6 9 A
A
A
SH IM KO 6 9 0 .0 0 pu
H O M ER6 9 0 MW
MVA
0 .0 M var
MVA A
MVA
0 M var 0 .0 0 pu A
BLT 6 9 MVA
A -0 .0 1 pu MVA
0 MW A MVA
0 MW
0 M var H A L E6 9 A 0 MW 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu
MVA
5 1 M var
A
MVA
MVA
A
A
0 MW A
0 .0 0 pu
0 MW MVA 0 M var 0 .0 M var MVA A
A
MVA
0 M var
0 .0 0 pu 0 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA
0 .0 M var A
MVA
0 MW 0 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
0 .0 0 pu WEB ER6 9 0 M var
L A UF6 9 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu
0 MW
0 MW 0 MW
A A
0 M var 0 MW A
0 MW 0 M var 0 M var
0 M var
4 M var MVA MVA MVA
0 .0 0 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
L A UF1 3 8 0 .0 0 pu SA V O Y 6 9 0 MW
0 .0 0 pu
3 M var
0 .0 0 pu B UC KY 1 3 8 A
A MVA A
0 MW
MVA 0 .0 0 pu SA V O Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
2 M var
MVA MVA
0 MW
A
2 M var
MVA
0 .0 0 pu
0 .0 0 pu A
MVA
MVA
0 MW
0 .0 0 pu RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck
3 7 M var
A A A
0 .0 0 pu SLA C K1 3 8
T IM 3 4 5
MVA MVA MVA
-0 .0 1 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A A
A
0 .0 0 pu
MVA
T IM 1 3 8
MVA
0 .0 0 pu 0 MW
A MVA
0 .0 0 pu
0 M var
-0 .1 M var 0 MW
A MVA
A
0 .0 0 pu RA Y 6 9
MVA
MVA 0 M var 0 MW
A
0 MW A
0 .0 0 pu T IM 6 9 P A I6 9 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu MVA 0 M var MVA
A
0 MW 0 .0 0 pu GRO SS6 9 A
A
0 M var
MVA
A
MVA
FERNA 6 9
MVA 0 .0 0 pu WO LEN6 9
A 0 MW
M O RO 1 3 8
H ISKY 6 9
MVA
0 M var
MVA A
A
0 .0 M var
0 MW MVA
A MVA
0 M var 0 MW 0 .0 0 pu
MVA
0 M var A
-0 .0 3 pu BO B1 3 8
P ET E6 9 A
DEM A R6 9
0 .0 0 pu
MVA A A
H A NNA H 6 9 0 MW
MVA
0 MW 0 M var
MVA MVA
0 MW
0 M var
A
0 .0 0 pu BO B6 9
0 M var
-0 .2 M var
UIUC 6 9 0 .0 0 pu
MVA
-0 .1 M var
0 .0 0 pu -1 5 7 M W 0 MW
-0 .1 M var
A
-4 5 M var
A
MVA 0 M var LY NN1 3 8
A
0 MW
MVA
A 0 M var
MVA
A
0 MW A
0 MW
-0 .0 0 3 pu
MVA
BLT 1 3 8
0 M var MVA -0 .0 3 pu MVA 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu A M A NDA 6 9 A
A
A
SH IM KO 6 9 0 .0 0 pu
H O M ER6 9 0 MW
MVA
-0 .1 M var
MVA A
MVA
0 M var -0 .0 1 pu A
BLT 6 9 MVA
A -0 .0 1 pu MVA
0 MW A MVA
0 MW
0 M var H A LE6 9 A 1 9 MW 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu
MVA
5 1 M var
A
MVA
MVA
A
A
0 MW A
0 .0 0 pu
0 MW MVA 0 M var 0 .0 M var MVA A
A
MVA
0 M var
0 .0 0 pu 0 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA
0 .0 M var A
MVA
0 MW 0 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
0 .0 0 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
LA UF6 9 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu
0 MW
0 MW 0 MW
A A
0 M var 0 MW A
9 9 MW 0 M var 0 M var
0 M var
-2 0 M var MVA MVA MVA
0 .0 0 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
LA UF1 3 8 0 .0 0 pu SA V O Y 6 9 4 2 MW
0 .0 0 pu
-1 4 M var
0 .0 0 pu BUC KY 1 3 8 A
A MVA A
0 MW
MVA 0 .0 0 pu SA V O Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
0 M var
MVA MVA
0 MW
A
0 M var
MVA
0 .0 0 pu
0 .0 0 pu A
MVA
MVA
2 1 9 MW
1 .0 2 pu RA Y 3 4 5
5 2 M var
System Losses: 11.51 MW A A A
sla ck
1 .0 2 pu SL A C K1 3 8
T IM 3 4 5
MVA MVA MVA
1 .0 1 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A
A
MVA
A
1 .0 3 pu
T IM 1 3 8
MVA
MVA
1 .0 0 pu 3 3 MW A
1 .0 3 pu
1 3 M var
1 5 .9 M var 1 8 MW
A MVA
A
1 .0 2 pu RA Y 6 9
MVA
MVA 5 M var 3 7 MW
A
1 7 MW A
1 .0 2 pu T IM 6 9 P A I6 9 1 3 M var
1 .0 1 pu MVA 3 M var MVA
A
2 3 MW 1 .0 1 pu GRO SS6 9 A
A
7 M var
MVA
MVA
FERNA 6 9
MVA A
1 .0 1 pu WO L EN6 9
2 1 MW
M O RO 1 3 8
A
MVA
MVA
H ISKY 6 9 7 M var
A
A
4 .8 M var
1 2 MW MVA
A MVA
5 M var 2 0 MW 1 .0 0 pu MVA
8 M var A
1 .0 0 pu BO B1 3 8
P ET E6 9 A
MVA DEM A R6 9
1 .0 0 pu A A
MVA
H A NNA H 6 9 5 8 MW
MVA MVA
5 1 MW 4 0 M var
4 5 MW
1 5 M var A
1 .0 2 pu BO B6 9
1 2 M var
2 9 .0 M var
UIUC 6 9 0 .9 9 pu
MVA
1 4 .3 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 5 7 MW 5 6 MW
1 2 .8 M var A
4 5 M var
A
MVA 1 3 M var L Y NN1 3 8
A
0 MW
MVA
0 M var
A
A
MVA A
MVA
MVA 5 8 MW A
1 4 MW
0 .9 9 7 pu BL T 1 3 8 MVA
3 6 M var MVA 1 .0 0 pu 4 M var
0 .9 9 pu A M A NDA 6 9 A
A
A
3 3 MW SH IM KO 6 9 1 .0 2 pu
H O M ER6 9
MVA
MVA A
MVA
1 0 M var 0.0 Mvar 1 .0 1 pu
BL T 6 9
7 .4 M var
MVA
A 1 .0 1 pu
1 5 MW
3 M var
A
MVA
H A L E6 9
MVA
A 9 2 MW 1.010 pu 1 5 MW
5 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 0 M var
MVA
A
A
A
3 6 MW A
1 .0 1 pu
6 0 MW MVA 1 0 M var 7 .2 M var MVA
MVA
A
A
MVA
1 2 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA
2 0 .8 M var A
MVA
4 5 MW 1 4 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
1 .0 0 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
L A UF6 9 2 M var
1 .0 2 pu
2 3 MW
2 2 MW 0 MW
A A
6 M var 1 4 MW A
2 0 MW 1 5 M var 0 M var
MVA MVA 3 M var MVA
9 M var
1 .0 2 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
L A UF1 3 8 1 .0 2 pu SA V O Y 6 9 3 8 MW
1 .0 0 pu
3 M var
1 .0 1 pu BUC KY 1 3 8 A
A MVA A
1 5 0 MW
MVA 1 .0 1 pu SA V O Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
0 M var
MVA MVA
1 5 0 MW
A
0 M var
MVA
1 .0 3 pu
1 .0 2 pu A
MVA
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 114
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 115
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
WH TWTR3
EEN 138 ST RITA
WH TWTR4 M UKWO N GO
SUN 138
TRIPP
WH TWTR5
UN IVRSTY
Raci ne
JAN 138
SGR CK4
LBT 138 UN IV N EU
SGR CK5
RO R 138
N LK GV T
BRLGTN 1
ALBERS-2
Paddock
PO T 138 N O M 138 M RE 138 PARIS WE BAIN 4
TICH IGN
H LM 138
N LG 138
N ED 138
LEN A ; B LEN A ; R
8TH ST. 5 Zi on
Ant i och Zi on (138 kV)
Rockford
LO RE 5
ELERO ; BT ELERO ; RT
ASBURY 5 Wempl eton M cHenr y
SO . GVW. 5 PECAT; B G ur nee
Round Lake
CN TRGRV5 Waukegan
LAN CA; R
JULIAN 5 SALEM N 5
P Val Lakehur st
GALEN A 5 Cr yst al Lake
Sand Park
Pi erpont
Li ber t yvi l l e Li ber t yvi l l e
Si l ver Lake 345 kV 138 kV Nor t h Chi cago
B465 Hunt l ey
FO RD A; R
Al gonqui n
S PEC; R E. Rockf ord
U. S. N Tr ai ni ng
Al pi ne Abbot t Labs Par k
Lest hon
Charl es
B427 ; 1T
Sabrooke
Apt aki si c
Cherry Val l ey
O l d El m
Lake Zur i ch
Buf f al o G r oove
Bar r i ngt on
Bl aw khaw k Wheel i ng
Deer f i el d
Pal at i ne
SAVAN N A5 D undee Pr ospect Hei ght s
SB 18 5
SB 43 5
S ST TAP
B B
105%
93%
H EN N E; T
H EN N EPIN
SB 112 5 Kendra
1556A TP
O TTAWA T
MVA MVA N LASAL
KPECKTP5
WEST 5 Bradl ey
SO . SUB 5 Streator
Br ai dw ood
9 SUB 5
H WY61 5
M IN O N K T
GALESBR5
Kankakee
GALESBRG
RICH LAN D
N EWPO RT5
M O N M O UTH
SPN G BAY
Ponti ac M i dpoi nt
D equi ne
M PWSPLIT
H ALLO CK
ELPASO T
Peoria
WATSEKA 17GO D LN D
GILM AN
FARGO
CAT M O SS
RSW EAST
RAD N O R
CAT SUB1
Example, which models the Eastern Interconnect contains about 43,000 buses.
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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whole or in part. 117
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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whole or in part. 118
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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whole or in part. 119
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
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whole or in part. 120
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Power Transactions
Power transactions are contracts between generators and
loads to do power transactions.
Contracts can be for any amount of time at any price for
any amount of power.
Scheduled power transactions are implemented by
modifying the value of Psched used in the ACE calculation
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
PTDFs
Power transfer distribution factors (PTDFs) show the linear
impact of a transfer of power.
PTDFs calculated using the fast decoupled power flow B
matrix
θ B 1P (x)
Once we know θ we can derive the change in
the transmission line flows
Except now we modify several elements in P( x),
in portion to how the specified generators would
participate in the power transfer
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
A B 250.0 MW D
10% 71%
71.1 MW C
60% 57%
92% 0.00 deg 64%
55%
11%
G F E
150.0 MW
24%
H I
200.0 MW
150.0 MW
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whole or in part. 123
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
A B 250.0 MW D
43% 30%
71.1 MW C
57% 10%
13% 0.00 deg 20%
35%
2%
G F E
150.0 MW
34%
H I
200.0 MW
150.0 MW
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whole or in part. 124
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
A B 250.0 MW D
6% 18%
71.1 MW C
6% 6%
12% 0.00 deg 12%
61%
19%
G F E
150.0 MW
21%
H I
200.0 MW
150.0 MW
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whole or in part. 125
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
WE to TVA PTDFs
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whole or in part. 126
Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Pl LODFl ,k Pk
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Flowgates
The real-time loading of the power grid is accessed via
“flowgates”
A flowgate “flow” is the real power flow on one or
more transmission elements for either base case
conditions or a single contingency
– contingent flows are determined using LODFs
Flowgates are used as proxies for other types of limits,
such as voltage or stability limits
Flowgates are calculated using a spreadsheet
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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
NERC
is the
North
American
Electric
Reliability
Council
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