To understand motion

 Speed, velocity, acceleration

 the cause of motion (Force)and gravitation.

 Another concept that helps us is ‘work’ (HOW).

 Closely related to work are energy and power.

Every body needs energy
 for other activities like playing, cycling and running
We engage some animals
 to lift weights, carry loads, pull carts or plough fields.
We engage some animals
 All such activities require energy
 Think of machines
 List the machines that you have come across.
 What do they need for their working?
 Why do some engines require fuel like petrol and diesel?
 Why do living beings and machines need energy?
 Because they do work.
 Energy is converted into work
 By us, by machines.
 Anything which converts energy into work is called?
 Engine.
 So we are also an engine.
 Are Work and Energy same?
 No. (Give eg)
 Yes. (Give eg)
 Work is also energy but in desirable form.
 Electricity is energy. Rotating fan is also KE.
 You call rotating fan as electricity is doing its work.
 But both are different forms of energy.
 In engines we say energy is converted into work.
 We can also say in engines
 One form of energy is converted into other form.
 It surely does work for us.
 It converts _______ energy into ________ energy.
 Coal → Thermal energy Steam → KE = Work. + Wastage
 FOR EACH WORK DONE, ALWAYS ASK THREE
QUESTIONS
 Work done on _______
 What is happening to object’s energy?
 Who/what is doing work?
 Eg of work done  ASK THREE QUESTIONS
 Work done on _______
 Push a pebble lying on a
frictionless surface.  What is happening to

 The pebble moves through object’s energy?

a distance.  Who/what is doing work?
 You exerted a force on the
pebble and the pebble got
displaced.
 In this situation work is
done.
 A girl pulls a trolley and

 the trolley moves through a distance.

 The girl has exerted a force on the trolley and it is displaced.

 Therefore, work is done.

 Ask three questions
 Work done on _______
 What is happening to object’s
energy?
 Who/what is doing work?
 Lift a book through a height.
 To do this you must apply a force.
 The book rises up.
 There is a force applied on the book and the
 book has moved. Hence, work is done.

 Ask three questions

 Work done on _______
 What is happening to object’s energy?
 Who/what is doing work?
 What are the two conditions needed to be
satisfied for work to be done

 (i) a force should act on an object, and

 (ii) the object must be displaced.
 If any one of the above conditions does not exist, work is
_____ (done/not done).
 not done.
 This is the way we view work in science.
 What are the two conditions needed to be
satisfied for work to be done

 If force is applied, distance is also

moved. Is work done zero/non zero?

 What is the work done by gravity on

suitcase?

 Its zero. Gravity isnt doing any work on

suitcase.
Eg in which work is being done
Work is being done on ______
Identify who is doing.
What is happening to the energy of the object?
Eg in which work is not being done
 Work is being done on ______
Identify who is doing.
What is happening to the energy of the object?
Eg in which work is not being
done
Eg in which work is not being done
 Work is being done on ______
Identify who is doing.
What is happening to the energy of the object?
 Here KE is increasing.
 PE is increasing
 Sometimes no energy increases. Friction
 Suppose there is an isolated piece of rock moving in space.
 Is work being done on this stone?
 How will you identify?
 When its KE or PE increases/ decreases, it means ____
 some work is associated.
 If its energy is constant: ____
 no work.
 Formula for WD
 Work done = 1 NM = 1 J.
 What is the work done when the force on the object is zero?

 What would be the work done when the displacement of the

object is zero?
 Example 11.1 A force of 5 N is acting on an object. The
object is displaced through 2 m in the direction of the force
(Fig. 11.2). Find Work done

 If the force acts on the object all through the displacement,

then work done is 5 N × 2 m =10 N m or 10 J.
 Suppose we are in space. We apply force on object. What is
the distance covered by this object?

 What is work done? Is it infinite?

 But I have put finite effort. How can I do infinite work with finite
effort?

 W=F.S formula valid for frictional surfaces.

 A force of 7 N acts on an object. The displacement is, say 8 m,
in the direction of the force. Let us take it that the force acts on
the object through the displacement.

 What is the work done in this case?

 Why Work done by friction –ve?

 Work done is negative when the force acts _________ to the

direction of displacement.

 opposite

 Work done is positive when the force is in the direction of

displacement
 Example 11.2 A porter lifts a luggage of 15 kg from the
ground and puts it on his head 1.5 m above the ground.
Calculate the work done by him on the luggage.
 1.When do we say that work is done?
 2. Write an expression for the work done when a force is acting
on an object in the direction of its displacement.
 3. Define 1 J of work.
 4. A pair of bullocks exerts a force of 140 N on a plough. The
field being ploughed is 15 m long. How much work is done in
ploughing the length of the field?
 Energy
 Life is impossible without energy.
 The demand for energy is ever increasing.
 The Sun is the biggest natural source of energy to us.
 Many of our energy sources are derived from the Sun. like?
 Plants or meat-food, coal, wind, DAM, electricity, petrolium
 We can also get energy from the nuclei of atoms,
 the interior of the earth, and the tides.
 List the sources of energy due to sun.
 List the sources of energy not due to sun.
 Energy eg

 when a fast moving cricket ball hits a stationary wicket,

 the wicket is thrown away.
 Ball had energy.
 Energy eg

 Similarly, an object when raised to a certain height gets the

capability to do work.
 We have also observed children winding a toy (such as a toy
car) and when the toy is placed on the floor, it starts moving.
When a balloon is filled with air and
we press it we notice a change in
_____
its shape.
As long as we press it gently, it can
come back to its original shape
when _____
the force is withdrawn.
 In all these examples, the objects acquire, through different
means, the ____________
 capability of doing work.
 Ball possess energy. It has a capability to _____
 do work. Can I say any object which posses energy, can do
work?
 Energy is the capability to do work.
 The object (ball) which does the work loses / gains energy
 loses
 and the object on which the work is done loses / gains
energy (wicket).
 gains
 Work →Energy
 Work← Energy
 Energy and work are same. Work is also energy, only form is
different. Desirable form.
 Sometimes heat is used to produce electricity, sometimes
electricity is used to produce heat.
 So both have same units of energy.
 Joule J.
 KJ.
 Give 3 eg of WORK DONE =0, in spite of working hard, object
at rest.

 Pushing a wall, holding a book at particular height etc.

 Give 2 eg of WORK DONE =0, although the object is moving

 work done on equipotential surface, work done when force

applied is in one direction but motion is perpendicular to the
force applied.
 Give 2 eg of WORK DONE ≠0
 Activity 11.6- Seminar Isha
 Activity-11.7

 Discuss the construction.

 Place a known mass on the pan
 So that the trolley starts moving.
 The trolley moves forward and hits the _______
 wooden block.
 Block gets _______
 displaced.
 Activity-11.7

 This means work is done on the____

 block by the _________
 trolley
 The block has lost / gained energy.
 Gained. From where does this energy come?
 Trolley.
 Repeat this activity by increasing the mass on the pan.
 Activity-11.7

 In which case is the displacement more?

 In which case is the work done more?

 In this activity, the moving trolley does work and hence it

possesses _______

 energy.
Which bullet you will fear from?
Why?

It means moving objects posses energy, which can work on us.

Do stationary objects have no energy? Do stationary objects cant
do work?
Don’t you think some objects do have some potential to gain KE in
future.
May be because they have chemical potential inside
or may be due to their position/ height.
Derivation
on page
150 and
151
 Moving objects posses some energy due to their motion,
called Kinetic Enrgy.
 But how much? How to calculate?
 Is it equal to work that can be done by that moving object?
 Calculate W = F.S = ???
 WD = KEf - KEi = ΔKE
 Example 11.3 An object of mass 15 kg is moving with a
uniform velocity of 4 m/s. What is the kinetic energy possessed
by the object?
 Example 11.4 What is the work to be done to increase the
velocity of a car from 30 km/h to 60 km/h if the mass of the car
is 1500 kg?
 The kinetic energy of an object of mass, m moving with a
velocity of 5 m/s is 25 J. What will be its kinetic energy when its
velocity is doubled?

 What will be its kinetic energy when its velocity is increased

three times?
 Does a stretched band has energy?
 The energy gets stored due to the work done on the object.
 Who transferred energy into rubber band?
 The potential energy possessed by the object is

 the energy present

 in it by virtue of its

 position or configuration.
 Work done in Gravitation field- Potential Energy.
 Calculate W for vertical upward case. W = F.S = ?
 = mgh
 Is this Work done stored ?
 In what?
 In body?
 Does it has some energy now?
 How much?
 = work done by me?
 Name of energy?
 KE or PE?
 Work done in Gravitation field

 The potential energy of an object at a height depends on the

_______ ( for particular planet)
 ground level or the zero level you choose.
 An object in a given position can have a certain potential
energy with respect to one level and
 a different value of potential energy
 with respect to another level. Give eg.
In which case WD is more?

 In which case PE gained is more?

 PE is independent of path followed.
 Conservative and non conservative forces
 Example 11.5 Find the energy possessed by an object of
mass 10 kg when it is at a height of 6 m above the ground.
Given, g = 9.8 m/s2.
 Example 11.6 An object of mass 12 kg is at a certain height
above the ground. If the potential energy of the object is 480 J,
find the height at which the object is with respect to the ground.
Given, g = 10 m/s2.
ARE VARIOUS ENERGY FORMS INTERCONVERTIBLE?
 Can we convert energy from one form to another?
 We find in nature a number of instances of conversion of
energy from one form to another. Like?
 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
 The form of energy can be changed from one form to another.
 What happens to the total energy of a system during or after
the process?
 Whenever energy gets transformed, the total energy
decreases / increases / remains same.
 remains unchanged.
 This is the law of conservation of energy.
 Energy can neither be created or destroyed. But it can ….
 You can not get 100% efficiency.
 100 % desirable energy.
Prove energy conservation mathematically in falling
objects

 mgh= ½ mv2.

 Final KE = Initial PE = Intermediate KE + PE

ACTIVITY 11.15 –V IMP. Take g = 10 m/s2 Height = 125m
t (s) X v Avg Avg Xnth KE PE KE+P
(m) (m/s) vel vel E
(m/s) (m/s)

0 -- -- 0 to
1 2s

2
3 3 to
4 5s

5
What would have happened if nature had not
allowed the transformation of energy?
 Rate of Doing Work
 Who has more power?
 Who has more energy?
 Who can do work at higher rate?
 Who has more power?
 Rate of Doing Work
 Who has more power?
 Which has more energy?
 Who can do work at higher rate?
 Who has more power?
 Who can consume more energy every second?
 Can small fan consume more energy than bigger one?
 Activity 11.16
 Consider two children, say A and B.
 Let us say they weigh the same. Both start climbing up a rope
separately.
 Both reach a height of 8 m. Let us say A takes 15 s while B
takes 20 s to accomplish the task.
 What is the work done by each?
 The work done is the same. However, A has taken less time
than B to do the work.
 Who has done more work in a given time, say in 1 s?
Activity 11.16
 J/s = Watt
 KW.
Average Power

 The power of an agent may vary with time.

 This means that the agent may be doing work at different
rates at different intervals of time.
 Therefore the concept of average power is useful.
 We obtain average power by dividing the total energy
consumed by the total time taken.
 Example 11.7 Two girls, each of weight 400 N climb up a
rope through a height of 8 m. We name one of the girls A and
the other B.

 Girl A takes 20 s while B takes 50 s to accomplish this task.

What is the power expended by each girl?
 Example 11.8 A boy of mass 50 kg runs up a staircase of 45
steps in 9 s.

 If the height of each step is 15 cm, find his power. Take g = 10

m s–2
 Questions

Are you more powerful than a tube light?

1. What is power?

2. Define 1 watt of power.

3. A lamp consumes 1000 J of electrical energy in 10 s.

What is its power?

4. Define average power.

COMMERCIAL UNIT OF ENERGY

 kWh.
 Convert it into Joules.
 Power of
 Power of bike, car, jet? Power of mobile, tube light, bulb,
LED bulb, fridge, Geyser, Iron, TV, PC, CRT monitor, LED
monitor. Express in watt
 Example 11.9 An electric bulb of 60 W is used
for 6 h per day. Calculate the ‘units’ of energy
consumed in one day by the bulb.
 Activity ___________ 11.17
 Take a close look at the electric meter installed in your house.
Observe its features closely.
 Take the readings of the meter each day at 6.30 am and 6.30
pm.
 How many ‘units’ are consumed during day time?
 How many ‘units’ are used during night?
 Do this activity for about a week.
 Tabulate your observations.
 Draw inferences from the data.
 Compare your observations with the details given in the
monthly electricity bill.
Energy- Imp Topic
 Earth is like an engine

 Sun is fuel (Why earth and sun like ….)

 Sun is the ultimate source of energy.

 Every country want to be self sufficient in energy.

 We have increased our energy plants since 1947.

 But consumption has also increased drastically.

 Due to which common man still face shortage of energy.

 Energy Plants

 Energy plants take input from earth and convert it into some
useful energy and produce wastes.
 Efficieny < 30 %.
 Useful energy = 30%
 Energy Wasted = 70 %
Energy Approach In Solving Dynamics
Problems

 It is useful when the force acting on a particle is not constant;

 In such a case, the acceleration is not constant, and we
cannot apply the constant acceleration equations
Defining Velocity, Acceleration

 Velocity and acceleration (& hence force) are defined using

time as variable.

 But there are many forces which are position dependent.

Position Dependent Forces
 Particles in nature are often subject to forces that vary with
the particles’ positions.

 Gravitational forces

 Force exerted on an object attached to a spring.

 Any other force you know ?

What is the problem with Position Dependent Forces
 Position dependent forces generate position dependent
acceleration.
 Can you use this acceleration and predict velocity after some
time?
 No. why?
 Because we don’t have any equation to handle position
dependent acceleration. What kind of equations do u have?
 Time dependent velocity and constant acceleration.
Technique Used To Handle These Problems

 Conservation of energy.

 This approach extends well beyond physics, and can be

applied to biological organisms, technological systems, and
engineering situations.
Particle Model

System Model
 Systems And Environments

 In the system model, we focus our attention on a small

portion of the Universe—the system—

 and ignore details of the rest of the Universe outside of the

system.

 A critical skill in applying the system model to problems is

identifying the system.
A valid system may

• be a region of space (such as the interior of an automobile

engine combustion cylinder)

• vary in size and shape (such as a rubber ball, which deforms

upon striking a wall)
Be Careful

 The most important step to take in solving a problem using

the energy approach is to identify the appropriate system of
interest.

 Make sure this is the first step you take in solving a problem.
 System & Environment

 There is a system boundary, an imaginary surface (not

necessarily coinciding with a physical surface) that divides the
Universe into the system and the environment surrounding
the system.
 Pendulum is a system and earth (gravitational force) is
environment.

 There are no. of ways by which a system can be influenced

by the environment.

 One of the way is

 work.
What is work done if surface is frictionless ?

 Infinity ??????????? W = Force.Distance

 It means we have done infinite work with finite force ?

Work Done Is Scalar Or Vector?

 Scalar

 Unit ?

 Nm

 Joule.
 Work Done By Weight Or Normal Reaction ?

 ZERO
The gravitational force exerted by the Sun on the Earth holds the
Earth in an orbit around the Sun. Let us assume that the orbit
is perfectly circular. The work done by this gravitational force
during a short time interval in which the Earth moves through a
displacement in its orbital path is
(a) zero
(b) positive
(c) negative
(d) impossible to determine.
 Figure shows four situations in which a force is applied to an
object. In all four cases, the force has the same magnitude,
and the displacement of the object is to the right. Rank the
situations in order of the work done by the force on the object,
from most positive to most negative.
 CADB
Work Is A Scalar

 There is no direction associated with it.

 All types of energy and energy transfer are scalars.

 This is a major advantage of the energy approach—WE

DON’T NEED VECTOR CALCULATIONS!
 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Kinetic Energy
Theorem

 What is work?

 work is a mechanism for transferring

energy into a system.
 Result of Work
 One of the possible outcomes of doing work on a system is
that the system changes its speed.

 WORK CAN PROVIDE KINETIC ENERGY TO SYSTEM.

 the net work done on a particle by a net force F acting on
it equals the __________ kinetic energy of the particle

 change in kinetic energy of the particle.

 Kf = Ki + W
 Remember It

work is done on a system and if the only change in the

system is in its speed,

the work done by the net force equals the ______________.

change in kinetic energy of the system.

WD = KEf – KEi
+VE WORK
 The speed of a particle will increase if the net work done on it
is positive, eg?

 because the final kinetic energy will be greater than the initial
kinetic energy.

 WD = KEf – KEi
-VE WORK

 The speed will decrease if the net work is negative,

 because the final kinetic energy will be less than the

initial kinetic energy.

 WD = KEf – KEi
 eg?
Be Careful –WORK ENERGY THEOREM
 Work done on system not only changes
speed.

 There are many situations in which other

changes in the system occur besides its

Speed.

 Work energy may convert Into sound, light

etc.
What is more > < = in real cases
 WD vs Change in KE
 WD > Change in KE.
 Where does the some part of energy go?

 Converts into other forms of energy.

 Escapes into environment.

 These two transformations are avoidable/

unavoidable?
 Anushruth found a new way to generate electricity just by
dropping a magnet from a height in a pipe (Cu coil).

 If you are dropping a 1 kg magnet from a height of 10 m, for

how many seconds can you light up your tube light?
 The Work–Kinetic Energy Theorem:
Speed, not Velocity
 The work–kinetic energy theorem relates work to a change in
the speed of an object,

 not a change in its velocity.

 For example, if an object is in uniform circular motion, the

speed is constant.

 Even though the velocity is changing,

 no work is done by the force causing the circular motion.

 WORK –KE THEOREM
 We know only translational motion.

 That’s why we arrived at the work–kinetic energy theorem by

analyzing situations involving translational motion.

 There is one more kind of motion.

 Rotational motion.

 The work–kinetic energy theorem is also valid for systems that

undergo a change in the rotational speed due to work done on the
system.
The windmill is an
example of
work causing
rotational
motion.
Path independency of WORK KE Theorem.
 WORK –KE Theorem On Spring

 What is KE at first extreme position ?

 Zero
 What is KE at other extreme position ?
 Zero
 No change in KE.
 It means according to this theorem also work done is zero
 It means this is
Also path independent
 A 6.0-kg block initially at rest is pulled to the right along a
horizontal, frictionless surface by a constant horizontal force
of 12 N. Find the speed of the block after it has moved 3.0 m.

 Use v2-u2 = 2aS

 USE WORK ENERGY APPROACH.

 √(12) = 3.5 m/s

Suppose the magnitude of the force in this example is doubled
to F’= 2F. The 6.0-kg block accelerates to 3.5 m/s due to this
applied force while moving through a displacement Δx’.

(A) How does the displacement Δx’ compare to the original

displacement Δx?
Δx’ = ½ Δx

(B) How does the time interval Δt’ for the block to accelerate
from rest to 3.5 m/s compare to the original interval Δt ?

Δt’ = ½ Δt
A man wishes to load a refrigerator onto a truck using a ramp, as
shown in Figure. He claims that less work would be required to
load the truck if the length L of the ramp were increased. Is his
statement valid?
 NO.
 Less force is required with a longer
ramp, that force must act over a greater
distance
 When a particle rotates in a circle, a force acts on it
directed toward the center of rotation. Why is it that this
force does no work on the particle?
 A car traveling at an initial speed v slides a distance d to a halt
after its brakes lock. Assuming that the car’s initial speed is
instead 2v at the moment the brakes lock, estimate the
distance it slides.
 Let us assume that the force of kinetic friction between the car
and the road surface is constant and the same for both speeds.
 The friction force multiplied by the distance d is equal to the
initial kinetic energy of the car (because Kf # 0).
 If the speed is doubled, as it is in this example, the kinetic
energy is quadrupled.
 For a given friction force, the distance traveled is four times as
great when the initial speed is doubled, and so the estimated
distance that the car slides is 4d.
Consider a block sliding over a horizontal surface with friction.

Ignore any sound the sliding might make. If we consider the

system to be the block, this system is

(a) isolated

(b) nonisolated

(c) impossible to determine.

ANS: (b). The friction force represents an interaction with the
environment of the block.
If we consider the system in last Quick Quiz to be the block

and the surface, this system is

(a) isolated

(b) nonisolated

(c) impossible to determine.

ANS: (a). The friction force is internal to the system, so there
are no interactions with the environment.
Situations Involving Kinetic Friction

 ΔKE = spent in friction. = Fk.d

 The result of a friction force is to transform kinetic energy

into internal energy, and the increase in internal energy is
equal to the decrease in kinetic energy.
An older model car accelerates from rest to speed v in 10
seconds. A newer, more powerful sports car accelerates
from rest to 2v in the same time period. What is the ratio of
the power of the newer car to that of the older car?

(a) 0.25 (b) 0.5 (c) 1

(d) 2 (e) 4

Do it mathematically.
 (e).

 Because the speed is doubled, the kinetic energy is four times

as large. This kinetic energy was attained for the newer car in
the same time interval as the smaller kinetic energy for the
older car, so the power is four times as large.
If the height of a playground slide is kept constant, will the length
of the slide or the presence of bumps make any difference in
the final speed of children playing on it? Assume the slide is
slick enough to be considered frictionless.

Repeat this question

assuming friction is present.

Explain why the total energy of a system can be either positive
or negative, whereas the kinetic energy is always positive.

ANS:

Total Energy = PE + KE

KE is always +ve

But PE may be –ve. Due to –ve PE, Total Energy

may be –ve.
 One person drops a ball from the top of a building while
another person at the bottom observes its motion. Will these
two people agree on the value of the gravitational potential
energy of the ball–Earth system?

 On the change in potential energy?

 On the kinetic energy?

 They may disagree on the value of gravitational PE, depending
on their choice of zero point..
 Both agree on change in PE and KE.
 Why PE of bound system is negative?
 Whatever earth does on object (+ or –ve WD), gets stored.
 When we take one object away from earth, Earth does –ve W
on object. So –ve W is stored in terms of PE. Hence PE is –ve.
 Derive mathematically WD/PE when one mass=1kg is taken
away from earth 1m to 2m. Force is –ve here (towards origin).
 If only one external force acts on a particle, does it
necessarily change the particle’s

 (a) kinetic energy?

 NO. Example?

 Moon. When Force ┴ velocity.

 (b) velocity?

 YES
A bowling ball is suspended from the ceiling. The ball is drawn
away from its equilibrium position and released from rest at the
tip of the demonstrator’s nose. If the demonstrator remains
stationary, explain why she is not struck by the ball on its return
swing.

Would this demonstrator be safe if the ball

Were given a push from its starting

position at her nose?

A block is connected to a spring that is suspended from the
ceiling. If the block is set in motion and air resistance is
neglected, describe the energy transformations that occur
within the system consisting of the block, Earth, and spring.
Let the Gravitational PE be zero at lowest point in the motion.

Start the motion by pulling it downward. Lets now study it

starting from

Lower most position to mean position

Mean position to uppermost extreme position

What kind of possible energies it can have?

Gravitational PE, Spring PE and

KE.
1. Lower most position to mean position
At Lower most position, it has Gravitational PE =
0
Spring PE =
Non Zero. (Why?)
KE = 0 (Why)
2. At Mean position
it has Gravitational PE =
Non Zero (Why)
Who has given it PE?
Spring PE converted into Gravitational PE
Spring PE =
Zero. (Why?)
KE =
Non Zero (Why?)
Who has given it KE?
Spring PE converted into KE
2. At Topmost position
it has Gravitational PE =
Non Zero (Why)
Who has given it PE?
KE converted into Gravitational PE
Spring PE =
Non Zero. (Why?)
KE converted into Spring PE
KE =
Zero (Where has it gone)
KE used up in increasing Spring PE & Gravitational PE
 CBSE TEXT BOOK QUESTIONS
 2. An object thrown at a certain angle to the ground moves in a
curved path and falls back to the ground.

 The initial and the final points of the path of the object lie on
the same horizontal line.

 What is the work done by the force of gravity on the object?

 4 . Certain force acting on a 20 kg mass changes its velocity
from 5 m/s to 2 m/s. Calculate the work done by the force.

 ANS

 210 J
 5 . A mass of 10 kg is at a point A on a table. It is moved to a
point B. If the line joining A and B is horizontal, what is the work
done on the object by the gravitational force? Explain your
answer.

 ANS

 ZERO
 6. The potential energy of a freely falling object decreases
progressively. Does this violate the law of conservation of
energy? Why?
 9. A certain household has consumed 250 units of energy
during a month. How much energy is this in joules?

 Ans

 9 × 108 J
 10. An object of mass 40 kg is raised to a height of 5 m above
the ground. What is its potential energy? g = 10 m/s2

 If the object is allowed to fall, find its kinetic energy when it is

half-way down.

 ANS

 2000 J, 1000 J
 11. What is the work done by the force of gravity on a satellite
moving round the earth? Justify your answer.

 Ans

 ZERO
 Can there be displacement of an object in the absence of any
force acting on it?

 Ans

 Yes if the object is in motion.

 14. An electric heater is rated 1500 W. How much energy does
it use in 10 hours?

 Ans

 15 kWh (Unit)
 15. Illustrate the law of conservation of energy by discussing
the energy changes which occur when we draw a pendulum
bob to one side and allow it to oscillate. Why does the bob
eventually come to rest? What happens to its energy
eventually? Is it a violation of the law of conservation of
energy?
 16. An object of mass, m is moving with a constant velocity, v.
How much work should be done on the object in order to bring
the object to rest?
 17. Calculate the work required to be done to stop a car of
1500 kg moving at a velocity of 60 km/h?

 Ans

 208333.3 J
 In each of the following a force, F is acting on an object of
mass, m. The direction of displacement is from west to east
shown by the longer arrow. Observe the diagrams carefully
and state whether the work done by the force is negative,
positive or zero.
 18. (i) Zero
 (ii) Positive
 (iii) Negative
 19. Soni says that the acceleration in an object could be zero
even when several forces are acting on it. Do you agree with
her? Why?
 20. Find the energy in kW h consumed in 10 hours by four
devices of power 500 W each.

 Ans

 20 kWh

 21. A freely falling object eventually stops on reaching the

ground. What happens to its kinetic energy?
 Thank you