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CHAPTER OUTLINE

• Introduction

• How are Earth Materials Altered?

• How Does Soil Form and Deteriorate?

• GEO-FOCUS 6.1: The Dust Bowl—An American Tragedy

• Weathering and Resources

• Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks

• Types of Sedimentary Rocks

• Sedimentary Facies

• Reading the Story in Sedimentary Rocks

• Geology in Unexpected Places: Sandstone Lion

• Important Resources in Sedimentary Rocks

• Geo-Recap
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
• Weathering yields the raw materials for both soils and sedimentary rocks.

• Some weathering processes bring about physical changes in Earth materials


with no change in composition, whereas others result in compositional
changes.

• A variety of factors are important in the origin and evolution of soils.

• Soil degradation involves any loss of soil productivity that results from erosion,
chemical pollution, or compaction.

• Sediments are deposited as aggregates of loose solids that may become


sedimentary rocks if they are compacted and/or cemented.

• Geologists use texture and composition to classify sedimentary rocks.

• A variety of features preserved in sedimentary rocks are good indicators of how


the original sediment was deposited.

• Most evidence of prehistoric life in the form of fossils is found in sedimentary


rocks.

• Weathering is important in the origin and concentration of some resources, and


sediments and sedimentary rocks are resources themselves or contain
resources such as petroleum and natural gas.
Pque de los ARCOS, en Utah.
Fig. 6-CO, p. 138
Granito muy meteorizado en fragmentos de Cuarzo y Feldespato
Meteorizacion> (Weathering=desgaste,fragmentacion, alteracion mineral).
Erosion>desgaste y ltransporte por agentes.Denudacion > combinacion de los 2
anteriores Fig. 6-1a, p. 140
Pque. Bryce Canyon Utah,producto de la erosión en fracturas poco
Fig. 6-2, p. 141
espaciadas.
VINUNCA O MONTAÑA 7 COLORES es en el Perú con una altitud de 5.200 msnm. Está situada en el camino al
Nevado Ausangate, en los Andes del Perú, Región Cusco, provincia de Canchis. En los últimos años comenzó un proceso
de masificación turística. se deben a la composición mineralógica que tiene: el color rosado es por la arcilla roja,
fangolitas (fango) y arcilitas (arena). El Blanquecino, por la arenisca cuarzosa y margas, ricos en carbonato de calcio. El
rojo por compuesto por las arcilitas (hierro) y arcillas pertenecientes al terciario superior. El verde se debe al compuesto
de filitas y arcillas ricas en ferro magnesiano. El pardo terroso es producto de fanglomerado compuesto por roca con
magnesio perteneciente a la era cuaternaria. Y el color amarillo mostaza por las areniscas calcáreas ricas en minerales
sulfurados.9
Resultado de acción de Cuñas de Hielo y otros

Fig. 6-3, p. 142


Placas de roca granítica en lajas , delimitadas por las diaclasasFig. 6-4, p. 143
Árbol creciendo en una grieta, en Alaska
Fig. 6-5a, p. 144
Líquenes, Hongos y Algas, en Irlanda
Fig. 6-5b, p. 144
Meteorización química en Granito: agua se introduce por las fracturas. En la
Fig. 6-7, p. 146
Izq. Vea dique de cuarzo mas resistente.
A mayor meteorización ,mayor cantidad de partículas. El área
aumenta pero volumen sigue igual.

Fig. 6-8, p. 146


Fig. 6-8a, p. 146
Fig. 6-8b, p. 146
Fig. 6-8c, p. 146
Limo

Arcilla

Table 6-1, p. 147


Meteorización Esferoidal:
Resultado de meteorización
química. Las esquinas se
afectan mas y cuando son
esféricos ya no hay mas
cambios en su forma.

Fig. 6-9, p. 147


Fig. 6-9b, p. 147
Fig. 6-9d, p. 147
De Lixiviación

Niveles en un suelo completamente desarrollado

Fig. 6-10, p. 148


Suelo laterita en Madagascar, típico de trópicos, poco fértiles ricos en arcillas
Fig. 6-12, p. 149
a- Erosion por acanaladuras después de una tormenta en Michigan .
b- en Costa Rica, el surco va creciendo .

Fig. 6-13, p. 152


Fig. 6-13a, p. 152
Fig. 6-13b, p. 152
Prevención de la Erosión: Arado y cultivo siguiendo las curvas de nivel, con
alternancia de cultivos siguiendo las bandas. Fig. 6-14, p. 153
Ejemplo típico de 3 rocas bien redondeadas ( no esfericas)

Fig. 6-15a, p. 154


Ejemplo típico de grava bien redondeada y bien seleccionada.
Fig. 6-15b, p. 154
Ejemplo típico de grava mal seleccionada y no redondeada. Fig. 6-15c, p. 154
AMBIENTES DEPOCICIONALES: Continentales en rojo, Transicionales en
azul , los marinos en negro.

Fig. 6-16, p. 155


,Grava

,Arena

,Limo

Limolita Limo

, Arcilla
Lodolita

arcillita o Lutita arcillosa

Litificación y Compactación, a mas fino mayor compactación: Grava , arena, Limo y Arcilla

Fig. 6-17, p. 156


Chert o silex

Table 6-2, p. 156


Fig. 6-18a-c, p. 157
Fig. 6-18d, p. 157
Caliza con fosiles

Fig. 6-19a, p. 158


,o silex

Fig. 6-20, p. 159


Nota para este caso u otros semejantes tenga en cuenta que si bien el Chert esta considerado
como una roca sedimentaria No clastica, en general, pero si somos más específicos, los granos
de una roca sedimentaria pueden ser IGNEAS, METAMORFICOS
Link para comparar rocas http://rocks.comparenature.com/es/chert-roca/model-24-0 Fig. 6-20c, p. 159
Las geodas están en depósitos de carbonatos sedimentarios estratificados tal
como calizas y dolomitas .
Las geodas se forman habitualmente en rocas sedimentarias, en las que los
minerales se precipitan para formar las geodas. Llegan disueltos en aguas
hidrotermales, que es donde se empiezan a formar los cristales en su interior. Los
cristales suelen estar formados, en la mayoría de los casos por cuarzo o por
calcita.
Tambien se presentan en depósitos volcánicos estratificados tales
como basaltos y tobas.
Las Facies Sedimentarias

Fig. 6-21, p. 160


Fig. 6-21d, p. 160
Fig. 6-21h, p. 160
Grietas de desecación en suelos ricos en arcilla Fig. 6-25a, p. 163
Grietas de desecación , rellenas de sedimentos , en rocas antiguasFig. 6-25b, p. 163
, b- Corales tipo cuerno Fig. 6-26, p. 165
Fig. 6-27b, p. 165
SEDIMENTOS CONTINENTALES AL OCEANO
Fig. 6-28, p. 167
Si pH es > 7 es alcalino o básico
(amoniaco, soda, Hidroxidos,aminas,cal)
CHAPTER SUMMARY
• Mechanical and chemical weathering disintegrate and decompose parent
material so that it is more nearly in equilibrium with new physical and chemical
conditions. The products of weathering include solid particles and substances
in solution.

• Mechanical weathering includes such processes as frost action, pressure


release, salt crystal growth, thermal expansion and contraction, and the
activities of organisms. Particles liberated by mechanical weathering retain the
chemical composition of the parent material.

• The chemical weathering processes of solution, oxidation, and hydrolysis bring


about chemical changes of the parent material. Clay minerals and substances in
solution form during chemical weathering.

• Mechanical weathering aids chemical weathering by breaking parent material


into smaller pieces, thereby exposing more surface area.

• Mechanical and chemical weathering produce regolith, some of which is soil if it


consists of solids, air, water, and humus and supports plant growth.

• Soils are characterized by horizons that are designated, in descending order, as


O, A, B, and C. Soil horizons differ from one another in texture, structure,
composition, and color.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
• Soils called pedalfers develop in humid regions, whereas arid and semiarid
region soils are pedocals. Laterite is a soil that results from intense chemical
weathering in the tropics. Laterites are deep and red and are sources of
aluminum ores if derived from aluminum-rich parent material.

• Soil erosion, caused mostly by sheet and rill erosion, is a problem in some
areas. Human practices such as construction, agriculture, and deforestation
can accelerate losses of soil to erosion.

• Sedimentary particles are designated in order of decreasing size as gravel,


sand, silt, and clay.

• Sedimentary particles are rounded and sorted during transport, although the
degree of rounding and sorting depends on particle size, transport distance,
and depositional process.

• Any area in which sediment is deposited is a depositional environment. Major


depositional settings are continental, transitional, and marine, each of which
includes several specific depositional environments.
CHAPTER SUMMARY

• Lithification involves compaction and cementation, which convert sediment into


sedimentary rock. Silica and calcium carbonate are the most common chemical
cements, but iron oxide and iron hydroxide cements are important in some
rocks.

• Detrital sedimentary rocks consist of solid particles derived from preexisting


rocks. Chemical sedimentary rocks are derived from substances in solution by
inorganic chemical processes or the biochemical activities or organisms.
Geologists also recognize a subcategory called biochemical sedimentary rocks.

• Sedimentary facies are bodies of sediment or sedimentary rock that are


recognizably different from adjacent sediments or rocks.

• Some sedimentary facies are geographically widespread because they were


deposited during marine transgressions or marine regressions.

• Sedimentary structures such as bedding, crossbedding, and ripple marks


commonly form in sediments when, or shortly after, they are deposited.

• Geologists determine the depositional environments of ancient sedimentary


rocks by studying sedimentary textures and structures, examining fossils, and
making comparisons with present-day depositional processes.
CHAPTER SUMMARY

• Intense chemical weathering is responsible for the origin of residual


concentrations, many of which contain valuable minerals such as iron, lead,
copper, and clay.

• Many sediments and sedimentary rocks, including sand, gravel, evaporites,


coal, and banded iron formations, are important resources. Most oil and
natural gas are found in sedimentary rocks.

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