CHARACTERISTIC OF

MONERA KINGDOM
1. Monera is an organism that has a very
simple structure, consisting of single cells
that are prokaryotic (have no nucleus
membrane)
2. Reproduction of Monera can occur in
asexual and sexual.
3. Asexual reproduction is done by binary
fission (binery fision), fragmentation, or
spores. Sexual reproduction is by
conjugation, transduction and transformation.
 KINGDOM MONERA

MONERA

BACTERIA CYANOPHYTA

ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA
 Differences of Archaebacteria and
Eubacteria
Difference Archaebacteria Eubacteria
Cell wall Lack peptidoglycan Peptidoglycan
Habitat Extreem Large
Way of life Colony, filament Unicell, colony, soliter
Bodies shape Spherical, bacillus, Spherical, bacillus,
spiral, filamentous spiral, coma
Cell membrane Branch lipid Not branch lipid
Chloroplas - Fotoautotrof
Chemoautotrof
Reproduction - Asex (binner), Sex
(parasex)
Role (+), (-) (+), (-)
Bacteria Cell
Body Structure of Bacteria
 Prokaryotes
• Cells that do not have a
nucleus
• Exist almost every where on
earth
• Grow in numbers so great you
can see them with the unaided
eye
• Are placed in either the
Eubacteria or the
Archebacteria Kingdoms
• Make up the smaller of the two
kingdoms
Shape of Bacteria
 Bacterium Shapes
• Cocci~ Sphere shaped
bacteria
• Bacillus~ Rod shaped bacteria
• Spirrillium ~ Spiral shaped
bacteria
• Flagella~ Leg-like structures
that help to propel the
bacterium.
Gram + and Gram – Bacterium
Cell Walls
 Cellular Walls
• Chemical nature of a cell wall can be determined
by Gram Staining
• By finding out what color the cell produces when
it is gram stained you can figure out the type of
carbohydrates in the cell wall
Movement of Bacteria
• Monotrik

• Lopotrik

• Amfitrik

• Peritrik
Supllement of bacteria :
heterotrof : saprofit, parasit
autotrof : - Foto autotrof ; purpurin bacteria
- Chemoautotrof ;Nitrogen bacteria,Sulfur
Respiration of bacteria : aerob
anaerob
Reproduction of bacteria : Asexual : binner
Sex : parasex
Transformasi,
Konyugasi,
Transduksi
Growth of bacteria : Temperature, Humidity, Sunlight,
Chemical, Availability of spare food and waste of
metabolism
 Role of Bacteria
Beneficial Detrimental
• Decomposition • Cause of human desease
• Fermentation • Cause of animal and
• Processing of milk horticulture desaese
• Bonding of N2 • Cause of spoilage of food
• Producing O2 Step of prevention:
conventional : smoke, salting,
• Antibiotic producers acidizing,sweetening,drying
• Waste processing Modern : sterilization,
• Genetic engineering pasteurization, cooling, chemical
material, radiation
• Biogas
 Eubacteria
• Make up the larger of
the two prokaryote
kingdoms
• Generally are
surrounded by a cell
wall composed of
complex
carbohydrates
 Cyanobacteria
• Photosynthetic
bacterium
• Bluish-greenish color
• Contain membranes
that carry out the
process of
photosynthesis
• Do not contain the
same type of
chloroplasts as plants
do
• This bluish-greenish
algae can be found
nearly everywhere on
earth.
• Can survive in
extremely hot
environments and
even extremely cold
environment
 Archaebacteria
• Lack important
carbohydrate found
in cell walls
• Have different lipids
in their cell
membrane
• Different types of
ribosomes
• Very different gene
sequences
• Archaebacteria can
live in extremely
harsh environments
• They do not require
oxygen and can live
in extremely salty
environments as well
as extremely hot
environments.
 Bacteria and their energy
• Autotrophs
• Chemotrophs
• Heterotrophs
 Autotrophs
• Make their own
energy
• Using Solar energy
• Eg. Cyanobacteria
 Chemotrophs
• Make own Energy
• Using Chemical
energy
• Eg. Archaebacteria
 Heterotrophs
• Obtain food
• By eating
• Eg. E-coli
 Bacteria Respiration

• Obligate Anaerobes • Live without Oxygen

• Facultative • Can live with or

Anaerobes without oxygen

• Obligate Aerobes • Cannot live without

oxygen.
 Bacteria Reproduction
• Binary Fission
• Conjugation
• Spore Formation
Cellular organism copies it’s genetic information then splits into
two identical daughter cells
 Conjugation
• A type of Bacteria
Sex
• Two organism swap
genetic information,
that contains the
information such as a
resistance to penicillin
 Spore Formation: Endospore
• A type of dormant cell
• Exhibit no signs of life
• Highly resistant to
environmental stresses such
as:
-High temperatures
-Irradiation
-Strong acids
-Disinfectants
• Endospores are formed by
vegetative cells in response
to environmental signals that
indicate a limiting factor for
vegetative growth, such as
exhaustion of an essential
nutrient.
 Characteristic of Cyanophyta
1. Single cell plant, has filament and colony
2. Has chlorophyll, carotenoid and ficobilin
pigment that containt of phycosianin and
pohycoeritin (green blue alga)
3. Cell wall contain peptide, hemicelluloce and
celluloce
4. Mucous
5. Nucleus cell does no have membrane
(prokarion)
Cyanophyta Unicell ( Binner)

Croococcus

Gleocapsa
Cyanophyta Unisel, colony, filament,(Fragmentation)
Hormogonium

Lyngbya Spirulina
Cyanophyta : filament, heterochist
Akinet

Nostoc Rivularia
 Role of Cyanophyta

1. Soil fertilizers
2. Pioneer vegetation
3. Future food
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