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GEE

UNIT-5
NON-AQUEOUS PHASE
LIQUIDS(NAPLS)
by
M.S.Saandeepya
17021D1908
INTRODUCTION
 NAPLs are liquid solution contaminants and
hydrophobic
 Form a visible, separate oily phase in the sub
surface
 NAPLs tend to contaminate soil and ground
water
 The migration of NAPLs is governed by
gravity, buoyancy and capillary forces
COMPARISON OF FATE OF DISSOLVED MASS
VERSUS NAPL MASS

 Contaminated mass in the NAPL phase is


much larger than the dissolved phase
 The concentration of dissolved hydrocarbon
plumes are typically reported in terms of
parts per million or billion
 The amount of NAPL are reported in terms
of percentage of pore space occupied by
NAPL
 However, large quantities of NAPL in the
surface can hinder ground water
remediation efforts or cause them to fail.
TYPES OF NAPLS
 Generally, NAPLs are classified by
specific gravity
•LNAPLs (Light NAPLs)
•DNAPLs (Dense NAPLs)
 LNAPLs have specific gravity less than
water and float on the water table.
 DNAPLs have specific gravity more than
water and can sink deep into the
saturated zone.
LNAPLS (LIGHT NON AQUEOUS PHASE
LIQUIDS)

 Common sources- Gasoline, Kerosene and


any other petroleum products
 These migrates downward through
unsaturated zone under force of attraction
 It forms a pan cake like layer on the top
portion of saturated zone
 Ground water flowing past the floating
LNAPLs dissolves soluble components of
LNAPLs
 These do not penetrate very deeply into the
water table and biodegradable under natural
conditions
DNAPLS (DENSE NON AQUEOUS PHASE
LIQUIDS)

 Common sources- chemical manufacturing


or other activities involving chlorinated
solvents, pesticides manufacturing, wood
treating operations and spills of
transformers etc.
 Chemicals of concern- DNAPL dissolution
products
 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons and
pentachlorobiphenyls- Primary dissolution
products
DNAPLS
 If large quantities of DNAPLs have been
released, the DNAPLs will continue to
move downward until all is trapped as
residual hydrocarbon
 If comprised of chlorinated solvents:
 Non biodegradable
 Deep spreading of contaminated zone

 Movement of solvents through small

fractures to greater depths


 Itis impossible to restore original
conditions using any proven ground water
technologies.
NAPL TRANSPORT – GENERAL PROCESS
(AT THE PORE LEVEL)
 It occurs when enough pressure is available to
force free-phase NAPL through a small pore
throat by displacing air/water that previously
occupied the pore
 The amount of pressure required depends on the
capillary forces acting on the fluids
 The capillary forces are explained by Wetting
ability
 Wetting ability is related to physical property ,
interfacial tension

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