MODERN POLITICAL

IDOLOGIES
 •Literally, ideology
means “words of
WHAT knowledge”.
IS •Ideology was a study of
IDEOLOGY? the process of forming
ideas
CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEOLOGY

Their labels end in ism

-Provides an explanation for the
problems in contemporary societies
-Ideology is action oriented
-Mobilize huge number of people
CLASSICAL LIBERALISM
• Came from the Latin “liber” meaning “free”
• The views put forth between the 17th and
19th centuries are often referred to as
classical liberalism
• Refers to individual freedom
• Sought to limit the power of the state and
maximize the rights of the individual
• The central tenets of classical liberalism are:
1.Individual Freedom
-Institutions that might endanger liberty must be
restrained
2. Rationality
-Individuals are rational
-People can use reason to solve most problems
3. Progress
-By expanding knowledge and perfecting reason, and
by improving economic conditions humankind will
advance
4. Limited government
-Limits the exercise of governmental power by law
5. Economic freedom
-An economic system characterized private property,
competition and unregulated economy
 MODERN LIBERALISM
• Modern liberalism accepts the principal tenets of
classical liberalism
• They questioned the need for the economic freedoms of
laissez-faire capitalism
• Because large corporation undermined the small
company, therefore the government has to step in to
safeguard liberty
• The modern liberalism therefore requires government
to act positively to protect people against economic
difficulties.
 MARXISM OR SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM
• Karl Marx produced an exceedingly complex ideology consisting of several
interrelated elements: historical materialism, surplus value, the class struggle,
revolution and classless society.
1. Historical Materialism
-Karl Marx believed that the way in which a society uses its resources and produces its
goods determines its political and social structures.
-Marx called the economic foundation of society as the substructure and everything
else, such as government , religion and culture as the superstructure.
2. Surplus Value
- Surplus value = Profit
- Workers produce thing with their labor but get paid only a fraction of the value of
what they produce
- The capitalist who owns the means of production take the rest, the surplus value.
3. The Class Struggle

- There are two classes of people: the bourgeoisie (who own means
of production), and the proletariat (working class)
- Conflict occurred due to economic exploitation among working
class.
4. Revolution
-The excessive exploitation of the proletariat coupled with the
development of the capitalist society would make a social
revolution inevitable
5. The Classless Society
-The revolution destroy capitalist group, eventually productive
society will emerge with no class distinction. There will be no
private property.
THANK YOU