Lecture 11

HUM111
PAKISTAN STUDIES

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 HUM 111
PAKISTAN STUDIES
Current Environmental Issues, Agriculture
Sector and Industrial Sector
Land and People of Pakistan

Dr. Sohail Ahmad

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Climate and Weather of Pakistan

• Punjab and Sindh are very hot in summer and winters are pleasant.
• Climate divisions of Pakistan are:
1. Highland: Northern areas (cold winters, mild summers and
rainfall in all seasons)
2. Lowland: Punjab (cool winters, hot summers, monsoon rainfall)
3. Coastal: Makran and Surrounding areas (mild winters and warm
summers
4. Arid: Desert areas (Mild winter, hot summers and extreme
aridity)

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Current Environmental Issues

• Water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural

runoff.
• Limited natural fresh water resources; a majority of the population
does not have access to potable water.
• Deforestation
• Soil erosion
• Desertification

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Natural Hazards

• Frequent Earthquakes
• Occasionally severe especially in north and west
• Flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July to August)
• Thus, geography tells us that Pakistan is rich in its geographical
foundation.

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Industrial and Agricultural Sector of Pakistan

• Issues and Solutions

Industrial Sector (1/2)
• Industrial Backwardness
• Historical Causes
a. Lack of Technical Knowledge
b. The Policy of British Rulers
c. Industrial Share
• Economic Causes
a. Disputable Industrial Strategy
b. Lack of Mineral Resources
c. Low Investment and Low Savings
d. Lack of Technical Know-how
e. Lack of Infrastructure
f. Inflationary Pressures
Industrial Sector (2/2)
• Economic Causes
g. Inadequate Industrial Credit
h. Unfavorable Industrial Structure
i. Limited Market for Capital Goods
j. Lack of Industrial Consultancy Firms
k .Lack of Industrial Research

l. Frequent Breakdown of Electricity

m. Economic Sanctions
n. Global Recession
o. Adverse Balance of Payment
Social Causes

• Lack of Education

• Faith & Fate

• Corruption

• Climate and Weather

• Cultural Disturbance
Political Causes

• Political Instability

• Kashmir and Water Issues

• Burden of Refugees
Measures to Improve Industrial Sector (1/2)

a. Industrial Research

b. Increasing Capital.

c. Saving and Investment

d. Technical know-how.

e. Tax Concession

f. Supply of Raw Material

g. Credit Facilities
Measures to Improve Industrial Sector (2/2)

h. Expansion of Markets

i. Foreign Investment

j. Political Stability

k. Technical Education

l. Supply of Electricity

m. Commercial Policy and Self-Reliance Policy

n. Foreign Exchange Reserves and the Balance of Payment

Problems of Agricultural Sector (1/2)
• Techno-Economic Problems

a. Limited Cultivable Area

b. Water Logging and Salinity

c. Slow Growth of Allied Products

d. Low Per Hectare Yield

e. Inadequate Infrastructure

f. Uneconomic Land Holdings

g. Old Methods of Production

Problems of Agricultural Sector (2/2)
• Techno-Economic Problems

h. Inadequate Supply of Agricultural Inputs

i. Lack of Irrigation Facilities

j. Inadequate Agricultural Research

k. Problem of Land Reforms

l. Defective Land Tenure System

m. Subsistence Farming

n. Low Cropping Intensity

o. Improper Crop Rotation

Natural Problems

• Various Plant Diseases

• Natural Calamities

• Scarcity of HYV Seeds

• Under Utilization of Land

Socio-Economic Problems

• Consumption Oriented

• Farmer’s Litigation

• Joint Family System

• Illiteracy and Ill-health

• Political Instability
Financial Problems

• Lack of Credit

• Poor Financial Position of Farmers

• Instability in Market Prices

• Shortage of Agricultural Finance

Measures to Remove these Problems

• Supply of Agriculture Credit

• Water Logging and Salinity Control
• Construction of Dames
• Provision of HYV Seed
• Mechanization
• Agricultural Research
• Agro-based Industries
• Tax Concessions
• Training of Farmers Prices of Agricultural Productivities