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Integrated Approach
Memandang Sesuatu Secara Menyeluruh
Dan Komprehensif Tidak Bersifat Parsial
Systemic Approach
Contoh
Shortest Route ?
Origin
A 90 B
84 E 84 I
66
138
C 132
90 132
348
F 60 126
156
H
132 48
126
D
48 J
G 150
Destination
Step Solved Its Closest Total Time n’th Nearest Its Min. Its Last
Nodes Conc.un Sl Involved Node Time Con’tion
1 A B 90 B 90 AB*
A D 138
A C 348
2 A C 138 C 138 AC
A D 348
B C 90+66=156
B E 90+84=174
3 A D 348
B E 90+84=174 E 174 BE*
C D 138+156=294
C F 138+90=228
4 A D 348
C D 138+156=294
C F 138+ 90=228 F 228 CF
E F 174+132=306
E I 174+84 =258
6. Sytemic & Integrated Approach 4
Departemen Teknik Industri
Step Solved Its Closest Total Time n’th Nearest Its Min. Its Last
Nodes Conc.un Sl Involved Node Time Con’tion
5 A D 348
C D 138156=294
E I 174+84=258 I 258 EI*
F G 228132=360
F H 228+60=288
6 A D 348
C D 138+156=294
F G 228+132=360
F H 228+ 60=288 H 288 FH
I H 258+132=390
I J 258+126=384
7 A D 348
C D 138+156=294
F G 228+132=360
H G 288+ 48=336 G 336 HG
I J 258+126=384
6. Sytemic & Integrated Approach 5
Departemen Teknik Industri
Step Solved Its Closest Total Time n’th Nearest Its Min. Its Last
Nodes Conc.un Sl Involved Node Time Con’tion
8 A D 348 D 348 AD
C D 138+156=294
G D 336+ 48=384
G J 336+150=486
H J 288+126=414
I J 258+126=384
9 G J 336+150=486
H J 288+126=414
I J 258+126=384 J 384 IJ*
Solusi
• Parsial
– Methoda : Logik ambil jarak terpendek pada
setiap node
– Hasil : A-B-C-F-H-G-J (494)
• Integrated
– Methoda : Dinamik programmning
– Hasil : A-B-E-I-J ( 384)
Systemic Aspect
• Structural Aspect
– Man, Machine, Material
• Functional Aspect
– Man-man, Man-Material, Man-Machine, Feed-back
• Boundary
• Environment
– Stakeholder and Societal
• Objective
– Unitary, pluralist, coercive
Man
+
Natural System and/or Artificial System
Schematic Representation
Environment
Boundary
Man Machine
Input Out-put
Mat
Feed-back : Interaction
Decision Solution
Action Kriteria
Real
System
Model
Problem IE Standard
Data /Information
• Problem : Real
• Approach : Systemic
• Model : Valid
• Solution : Feasible
• Decision : Effective
• Action : Implemented
What IE Has To Do ?
1. Problem Identification
2. Generate Alternatives
3. Know the Standard Models
4. Decide Performance Criteria
5. Choose the Best Solution
6. Make Decision
7. Anticipate Managerial Implication
8. Action
6. Sytemic & Integrated Approach 13
Departemen Teknik Industri
Model Formulation
Solution
No
Valid ?
Stop
6. Sytemic & Integrated Approach 14
Departemen Teknik Industri
Analysis of System
• Formulate the Problem
• Determine Performance Criteria
• Identification of Components Model
– Decision Variable
– Constraints
– Parameter
– Logical Relationship
Don’t Confuse
Root
Symptom
Causes
Problem Alternatif
Solusi
Problem
Any unsatisfactory situation
Symptom
• Claims
• Difference: Expectation vs Reality
Root Causes
Problem
6. Sytemic & Integrated Approach 17
Departemen Teknik Industri
Symptom
• Indicator of the Problem
• Problem Could Exist Although Without
Any Symptom
• Form: Claims, Differences Expectation and
Reality
Symptom
Difference
Expectation Reality
Objective Achievement
Root Causes
Indicator
Performance Criteria
Efficiency
Objective Vs
Achievement/Actual
Performance Criteria
A. Types
1. Single Criteria
2. Multi Criteria
B. Level of Management
1. Company level
2. Business level
3. Operational level
Components Model
• Performave Criteria
• Decision Variable
• Constraints
• Parameter
• Logical Relationship
Model Formulation
Solution
Validation
• Logical Validation (Verification)
Is the Model Logic and Rational ?
• Historical Validation
Is the Model Fit With the Past Performance ?
• Result Validation
Is the Model Fit With the Future Performance ?
Decision
Problem
Decision Criteria
Solution + Judgment
Scientific Art
6. Sytemic & Integrated Approach 28
Departemen Teknik Industri
Action
How Decision Could Be Implemented ?
Action