Distillation

Distillation is an unit operation which involves

separation of a vaporisable components from a
multi-component system and subsequent
condensation of vapours.

Distillation

from vapour phase

Converting a liquid recovering liquid
into vapour phase by condenation
 Applications
• Separation of volatile oils
• Purification of organic solvents
• Manufacture of official preparations
• Refining of petroleum products
• Recovery of solvents
• Quality control methods
• Separation of drugs obtained from plant and
animal sources
• Purification of drugs obtained from chemical
process.
 Simple distillation
The apparatus is set up as shown below
 The process

 The solution is heated

 What happens at this point?
 The vapour rises up the flask and enters
the condenser
 What do you think will happen to the
remaining solution in the flask?
 It will become more concentrated
 The process

 The vapor in the condenser is cooled by

the flow of cold water in the outer jacket
 What effect does this have on the vapor?
 It causes the vapor to condense
 What is the liquid that is collected in the
receiving flask?
 The distillate, pure water
 Aim: To separate a solution and
obtain the solvent
 Apparatus and materials:
• Thermometer,
• condenser,
• distillation flask,
• bunsen burner,
• copper sulphate solution,
• retort stand,
• receiving flask
Diagram
 Method
 The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram
 Observations were noted
Observations
 The solution started to boil at …..°C.
 Colorless vapor evaporated and formed drops of clear
liquid in the condenser.
 The drops ran down the condenser and were collected in
the receiving flask.
 The solution in the flask became darker blue in colour
 The solid eventually remained in the round bottom flask.
 Simple distillation: Discussion

• Simple distillation is used to separate and retain

the solvent from a solution eg. To obtain water
from sea water.
• The method is based on the principle that the
solvent is more volatile than the solute and
evaporates (volatile measures the tendency to
vaporise)
• The solid remains in the flask and is called the
residue
• The distilled product is called the distillate
 Simple distillation: Discussion

• During the process as heat is applied, the water

began to boil off and became water vapour which
rose up to the top of the flask
• The water vapour entered the condenser where
cold water from the inlet caused the water to
condense and run off into the receiving flask
• As the water is removed from the solution, the
solution got deeper in colour because it became
more concentrated.
 Simple distillation: Conclusion

• The separation technique of simple distillation

was effective in retrieving the solvent from a
solution
• The distillate obtained is water
• Solution pure solvent (as vapour) pure
solvent (as liquid)
●Azeotropic distillation refers to processes
whereby a new component (called
the entrainer) is added to the original feed
mixture to form (or nearly form) an
azeotrope with one (or more) of the feed
components.

●The azeotrope is then removed as either the

distillate or the bottoms.
Usually refers to the specific techniqueof
adding another component to generate a
new, lower-boiling azeotrope that is
heterogeneous (e.g. producing two,
immiscible liquid phases), such as the
example below with the addition of
benzene to water and ethanol.
●Azeotropic distillation also refers to those
processes in which a new component isadded
to an original feed mixture to break an
azeotrope that otherwise would be formed by
the feed components.

●The purpose of deliberately adding the

entrainer is either to separate onecomponent
of a closely boiling pair or to separate one
component of an azeotrope.
 The entrainer E is a
medium boiler (i.e. its
boiling point in
intermediate between
components A and B),
or is a low boiler that
can form an
intermediate boiling
maximum azeotrope
with A.
 The feed (A and B)
is mixed with the
entrainer E before
entering column C1.
Component B (which
is essentially free of
the azeotrope A-E) is
removed from the
bottom of column C1,
while the overhead
vapour from C1 is fed
to column C2.
 Component A is
removed as overhead
product and
entrainer E as the
bottoms product.
The entrainer is
recycled back to
column C1.
●Azeotropic distillation is provided by us to
many of our customers is to break an
azeotrope in distillation.

●It is usually denotes the specific techniqueof

adding new constituent to produce a novel,
lower-boiling azeotrope that is heterogeneous.
We construct the unit with the specification
provided by the customers.