PRESENTED TO: Madam Tahira Shaheen

PRESENTED BY: Sumaira Siddique

Post RN B.Sc (2nd Prof.)
Post Graduate Nursing College
At the end of this presentation we will be able to:
• Describe water pollution.
• Discuss the types and sources of water pollution.
• Explain the effects of water pollution.
• Elaborate the purification methods of water.
• Water pollution is a major global problem.
• It is the contamination of water bodies such as rivers, lakes,
oceans and groundwater.
• It occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly
into water bodies without adequate treatment.
• Humans are the cause of most of the water pollution.
• Also polluted storm water is a major contributor to degradation
of our waterways.
• Water is important for hydration and physiological
processes of human body.
• It is essential for life.
• Amount of water on earth is fixed.
• Almost 1500 million km³ and ¾ of Earth is covered
with water.
• Much of ill health is due to poor quality of water .
• If water quality is improved, disease rate will
decrease.
• Water pollution occurs when energy and other materials are
released into the water, contaminating its quality for other
users.
• The contamination of water with undesirable substances which
make it unfit for usage is termed as water pollution.
1. SURFACE WATER POLLUTION
2. GROUND WATER POLLUTION
3. MARINE WATER POLLUTION
It is found on:
• The exterior of the earth’s crust
• Oceans
• Rivers
• Lakes
• It is found:
In soil
Under rock structures
In aquifers
• For example, when weed killers
used in people's gardens drain
into the ground.
It occurs due to:
• direct discharge of
sewage and
industrial wastes
into the ocean.

NATURAL WAYS:
• Dissolved gases e.g. 𝐻2 , CO,
𝑁𝐻3 , 𝑁2 , etc.
• Dissolved minerals e.g. salts of calcium.
• Suspended impurities e.g. clay, mud,
sand.
• Microscopic plants and animals.
ARTIFICIAL WAYS:
• Due to urbanization & industrialization.
• Sewage contains decomposable organic
matter and pathogenic agents.
• Agricultural pollutants include fertilizers
and pesticides.
• Physical pollutants contain heat and
radioactive substances.
• Industrial and trade waste.
1. EFFECTS ON HUMANS:
• 40% deaths in Pakistan annually.
• Diseases caused by:
Drinking contaminated water.
Swimming in polluted water.
Contact with chemically polluted water.
 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS:
• Due to specific agents which cause illness.
• Bacterial: cholera, typhoid, paratyphoid,
bacillary dysentery, etc.
• Viral: Hepatitis A and E, Poliomyelitis, etc.
• Protozoal: Amoebiasis, Giardiasis.
• Helminths: Round worms, Whip worms.
• Leptospiral: Weil’s disease.
OTHER HAZARDS:
• Lead poisoning.
• Iodine deficiency.
• Hardness of water increases CVS disease.
• High nitrate content in water leads to infant
methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome).
• GIT disturbance due to 𝑁𝑎+ , 𝑀𝑔2+ , 𝐶𝑎2+ ions e.g. increased
𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 leads to diarrhea.
2.
3. EFFECTS ON ANIMALS:
• 200 turtles in Australia’s
surrounding waters die each
year.
 PURIFICATION OF WATER PURIFICATION OF WATER
ON LARGE SCALE ON SMALL SCALE
4 main steps are: • Household purification of
• Storage water.

• Sedimentation • Disinfection of wells.

• Filtration
• Chlorination
1. STORAGE:
• Water is drawn out from source and impounded in natural or artificial
reservoirs.
• Storage provides reserve of water from which further pollution is
excluded.
2. SEDIMENTATION:
• When storage capacity is limited or water contains finely
suspended matter, sedimentation is done.
• It is hastened by the addition of a chemical coagulant, usually
aluminium sulphate (alum).
• Dose is 35mg/litre or 1ounce/180 gallons.
3. FILTRATION:
• 98% to 99% of bacteria, apart from
other impurities, are removed by
Water filtration plant
filtration.
4. CHLORINATION:

• It is the process in which chlorine is added to water for purification.

• pH of ordinary water is 6.5 to 8.
• Chlorination is more effective when pH of water is near 7.

CHLORINATION OF DRINKING WATER

HOUSEHOLD PURIFICATION OF WATER:
• By boiling.
• By chemical disinfection.
• By filtration.
• Community Medicine by Dr. Muhammad Naveed Alam
and Dr. Hafiz Amjad Hussain
• Community Health Nursing by Basavanthappa
• Internet
• Wikipedia