ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

UNIT I
INTRODUCTION, HISTORY, INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS,
FOUNDATIONS OF AI, SUB AREAS OF AI, APPLICATIONS.
PROBLEM SOLVING - STATE-SPACE SEARCH AND CONTROL
STRATEGIES: INTRODUCTION, GENERAL PROBLEM SOLVING,
CHARACTERISTICS OF PROBLEM,
EXHAUSTIVE SEARCHES, HEURISTIC SEARCH TECHNIQUES,
ITERATIVE-DEEPENING A*, CONSTRAINT SATISFACTION.
GAME PLAYING, BOUNDED LOOK-AHEAD STRATEGY AND
USE OF EVALUATION FUNCTIONS, ALPHA-BETA PRUNING
 Definition of AI
It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent

machines which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to
make decisions.
Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills such as learning, reasoning,
and solving problems
With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram a machine to do some work, despite that you
can create a machine with programmed algorithms which can work with own intelligence, and that is
the awesomeness of AI.
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE

Intelligence: “The capacity to learn and solve problems”

 Artificial Intelligence: Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human
intelligence by machines.
• The ability to solve problems
• The ability to act rationally
• The ability to act like humans
 Why Artificial Intelligence?
Before Learning about AI, we should know that what is the importance of AI and why should
we need to learn it. These are the some main reasons to learn about AI:

With the help of AI, you can able to create such software or devices which can solve real-world
problems very easily and with accuracy such as health issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.

With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as Cortana, Google
Assistant, Siri, etc.

With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an environment where
survival of humans can be at risk.

It opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new Opportunities.
 Goals of Artificial Intelligence
The main goals of Artificial Intelligence:

Replicate human intelligence

Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks

An intelligent connection of perception and action

Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as:
 Proving a theorem
 Playing chess
 Plan some surgical operation
 Driving a car in traffic

Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can
advise to its user.
A.I. TIMELINE
 Foundations of Artificial Intelligence?
AI is not just a part of computer science it's so vast and requires lots of other factors which can contribute to it. First we should
know that how intelligence is composed, then how Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a combination
of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving perception, language understanding, etc.

To achieve the above factors for a machine or software AI involves in the following discipline:

Mathematics

Biology

Psychology

Sociology

Computer Science

Neurons Study

Statistics
APPROACHES OF A.I.

CYBERNETICS &
STATISTICAL
BRAIN
APPROACH
SIMULATION

SYMBOLIC COGNITIVE
APPROACH SIMULATION
Sub Areas of Artificial Intelligence
 Applications of AI
A.I. FOR FOOD AVIATION EDUCATION

• Analyse Satellite • Gate allocation for • Companies are

Images to identify plane w hile landing creating robots
which areas have the • Ticket price to teach subjects
highest poverty level determination
 HEALTHCARE HEAVY INDUSTRY FINANCE

• Solving a variety of • Robots have become very • Algorithmic Trading

problems of patients, common in many industries • Market analysis & data
hospitals & healthcare mining
• Can do repetitive
industry overall. • Personal Finance
laborious tasks • Portfolio management
• Using Avatars in place of
patients.
 Intelligent Systems
An intelligent system is a machine with an embedded, Internet-connected computer that has the
capacity to gather and analyze data and communicate with other systems. Other criteria for intelligent
systems include the capacity to learn from experience, security, connectivity, the ability to adapt
according to current data and the capacity for remote monitoring and management.
In the earliest the first intelligence system was TURING MACHINE in 1950 proposed by Alan Turing
 He defined intelligent behaviors as the ability to achieve human-level performance in all cognitive
tasks, sufficient to fool an interrogator he said that system is called a intelligent if it has an ability to
pass the Turing test.
 A system is said to have passed a Turing test if a human questioner is unable to determine from
repeated questions of any kind, weather he or she is talking to another person or to a machine
system
 ELIZA
It is very first intelligent system passed the Turing test is ELIZA
The original program was described by Joseph Weizenbaum in 1966.
This implementation ('elizabot.js') by Norbert Landsteiner 2005.
 Graphics and real-time text to speech integration added in 2013.
The Main Characteristics are :
Simulation of Intelligence
Quality of response
Coherence
Semantics
 Categorization of Intelligent Systems

It is very first intelligent system passed the Turing test is ELIZA

Systems that think like Human
. Systems that acts like Human
Systems that think Rationally
Systems that acts Rationally
Some of the capabilities
Reason and draw meaningful occlusion
Plan sequence of actions to complete a goal
Solve Problems
Think abstractly
Comprehend ideas and help computers to communicate in Natura Language
Store knowledge provided before or during integration
Learn new concepts and tasks that require high level of intelligence
 Components of AI Program

Independent of the problem domain as far as possible

Knowledge base
Control Strategy
Inference Mechanism
 Intelligent Systems in Your Everyday Life

 Post Office
Automatic address recognition and sorting of mail
 Banks
Automatic check readers, signature verification systems
Automated loan application classification
 Telephone Companies
Automatic voice recognition for directory inquiries
 Credit Card Companies
Automated fraud detection
 Computer Companies
Automated diagnosis for help-desk applications
 Netflix:
Movie recommendation
 Google:
Search Technology