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What is a volcano?
an opening in
Ear th’s crust that allows
molten rock from beneath
the crust to reach the
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surface.
 This molten rock is
called magma when it is
beneath the surface
and lava when it erupts or
flows from a volcano.
 Along with lava,
volcanoes also release
gases, ash, and rock.
 It’s a super hot mix that
can be both incredibly
destructive and creative.
 Classification of Volcanoes

• Active volcanoes- are those that have a record of eruption within the
last 600 years or those that erupted 10,000 years ago based on
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analysis of materials.
• Inactive volcanoes- one that could erupt but has not erupted for
more than 10,000 years. Inactive volcanoes are also called dormant
or sleeping volcanoes.
Philippines has more than 100 volcanoes as of 2013.
23 are active and the rest are inactive.
 What Happens Inside A
Volcano
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• Volcanoes generally have a central vent

surrounded by a steep-sided cone formed
from layers of lava and ash. As the magma
rises from beneath the Earth's crust, it may
become contaminated by local rocks that
change its chemical composition, making
the eruptions more violent.
 Volcanic Landforms
• Volcanic landforms are controlled by the geological processes that
form them and act on them after they have formed.
• a given volcanic landform will be characteristic of the types of
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material it is made of, which in turn depends on the prior eruptive

behavior of the volcano.
• We have three general types: Shield volcanoes, cinder cones, and
composite cones
 General Volcanic Types
• Shield Volcanoes. A shield volcano is
characterized by gentle upper slopes (about 5o)
and somewhat steeper lower slopes
(about 10o).
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• Cinder Cones(also called Tephra

Cones)Cinder cones are small volume cones
consisting predominantly of tephra that
result from strombolian eruptions. They
usually consist of basaltic to andesitic
material.

• Stratovolcanoes (also called Composite

Volcanoes)Have steeper slopes than shield
volcanoes, with slopes of 6 to 10o low on the
flanks to 30o near the top.
 SUMMIT- highest point or part of a
volcano and there is an opening which
may either be a crater or caldera.

SLOPE- ground that has a natural

incline, as the side of a hill.
External Parts of a Volcano
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BASE- the bottom support of the

volcano.
 What determines the nature of eruption?
• The three factors that determine the nature of
eruption are magma composition,temperature,and
the amount of dissolved gas.
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 Viscosity
• the lava viscosity defines the size and shape of avolcano. Even
though lava is 100,000 times moreviscous than water, it can still
flow great distances. When lava has low viscosity, it can flow very
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easily over long distances.

 Effect of magma’s temperature to viscosity
• Viscosity is anti-correlated to temperature by the fact that a
lower temperature means a higher viscosity. In other words,
as magma cools, its viscosityincreases. This property is increased by
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crystallization of magma while temperature decreases. Finally, the

composition of a magma highly affects its viscosity.
•
 Effect of the Amount of Gases Contained in
Magma to Viscosity
• Gas (mainly water vapor) dissolved in magma tends to increase its
ability to flow. Therefore, in near-surface environments, the loss
of gases makes magma more viscous a dome or a columnar.
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 Viscosity of magma in
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different conditions
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Types of volcanic eruptions:
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