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Copper Alloys
1. Brass – alloys of copper and zinc
-- Alpha brasses – alloys containing up to 36 % Zn
Red Brasses – 5 to 20 % Zn
Yellow Brasses – 20 to 36 % Zn
Applications:
Radiator cores, tanks, head light reflectors,
Lamp fixtures, socket shells, rivets, springs,
locks, keys, engraving plates, tumblers
γ α + δ at 520 ° C
Properties:
High strength, toughness, high corrosion resistance
Applications:
Bushings, clutch disks, springs, lock washers
Silicon Bronze
Solubility of Si decreases with temperature
From the phase diagram,
eutectoid reaction
κα+γ at 554 °C
Is sluggish (slow). Therefore, Si < 5 % single
phase α
Properties:
Si bronzes are strongest of work –
hardenable Cu alloys
Have mechanical properties comparable to
steel and corrosion resistance comparable to
copper
Applications:
Pressure vessels, tanks, marine construction
Aluminum Bronze
Maximum solubility of Al in α solid solution is 9.5
% at 565 °C
Eutectoid reaction,
β α + γ2 at 565 °C
Commercial Al bronzes – 4 – 11 % Al
Single phase α < 7.5 % Al
Two phase microstructure α + γ2 7.5 – 11 % Al
Properties:
Single phase (α) – good strength, corrosion
resistance, good cold working
Applications: Condenser tubes,
corrosion – resistant vessels, nuts and bolts
in marine environments
Properties:
(α + β) phase – can be heat treated to obtain
structures similar to steel
Applications: Propeller hubs, blades, pump parts,
bearings, bushings
Cupronickels
Alloys of Cu and Ni containing up to 30 % Ni
Cu – Ni – Isomorphous alloy system – complete solubility of Cu and Ni. Hence, Cupronickels
cannot be hardened by heat treatment. They can only be cold – worked
Have high resistance to corrosion
Condenser, distiller, heat exchanger tubes for naval vessels and coastal power plants
Nickel silvers
Ternary alloys – Cu – Ni – Zn
Cu (50 – 70 %) Ni (5 to 30 %) Zn (5 – 40 %)
Nickel silvers containing > 60 % are single phase alloys – ductile and easily workable
Addition of Ni to Cu – Zn alloys gives a pleasing silver – blue color and good corrosion
resistance
Rivets, screws, nameplates, costume jewelry
Aluminum Alloys
Al – Cu alloys
Maximum solubility of Cu in Al is 5.65 % at 548 °C , which decreases to 0.45 percent at 300 °C
θ Cu Al2 / AGE precipitate, which gradually comes out with time – AGING /HARDENING
Heavy – duty forgings, aircraft fittings, truck frames
Al – Mn alloys
Mn is limitedly soluble in Al. Maximum solubility of Mn in α solid solution is 1.82 at
temperature of 658 °C
Although solubility decreases with temperature, these alloys are not age – hardenable
Utensils, food and chemical handling, storage cans, pressure vessels, piping
Al – Si alloys
Si is limitedly soluble in Al. Maximum
solubility of Si in α solid solution is 1.65 at
temperature of 578 °C
Titanium Alloys
Development of Ti alloys with strength at elevated temperatures – can be used as
substitute for Ni – base and Co – base alloys used in military equipment
Also, Ti alloys have high strength to weight ratio – ideal for aircraft parts
Bio compatible and corrosion resistant – Ti alloys are the latest metallic bio materials
Titanium Alloys
Ti has two phases α and β (Ex. Recall for Iron, we have α, γ, and δ). Therefore, the alloying
elements are also divided into α – stabilizers and β – stabilizers.
• High Al contents (> 6%) • Two phase (α + β) alloys are • Can be strengthened by heat
• Single phase microstructure stronger than α alloys treatment
• Weldable with good
ductility • Can be strengthened by • Solution treatment, followed
heat treatment – heated to (α by aging – microstructure is
• Less strength + β) field, and quenched TiCr2 precipitates and α in β
• Not heat treatable, can only grains.
be cold – worked •Problem with embrittlement
Ex: Ti – 6 Al – 4 V
Ex: Ti – 5 Al – 2.5 Sn Aircraft gas turbine blades Ex: Ti – 3 Al – 13 V – 11 Cr
Aircraft tailpipe assemblies, and disks, airframe fittings, Fasteners, aerospace
missile fuel tanks airframe parts, aircraft skins, components requiring high
bio implants strength at high temperatures
Ceramic Materials
Are any inorganic compounds made of metals and non – metals bounded by strong
attractive forces such as ionic or covalent bonds.
Ex: Glass, refractories, abrasives, clay products, cement
Widely used ceramic materials
Al2O3: For applications involving high temperature with high strength
Used as insulator in spark plugs, dental use
Diamond: Hardest natural occurring material. Used as abrasives in grinding and polishing.
Used to make abrasion resistant coating for many applications
Silica (SiO2): Essential ingredient in glasses and glass ceramics. Used in thermal insulation,
refractories, abrasives. SiO2 is used to make optical fibers for communications. Nano
dispersed Silica can be used in manufacturing rubber tires
Silicon Carbide (SiC): Outstanding oxidation resistance even at the melting point of steel.
Used as a coating for metals for high temperature protection. Used in abrasive grinding
wheels. Used as a reinforcement – particle / fiber in metal matrix composites
Silicon Nitride (Si3N4): Has properties similar to those of SiC, but less high temperature
oxidation resistance.
Both SiC and Si3N4 are candidates for automotive and gas turbine engines permitting high
operating temperatures
Area Applications Ceramic Materials
used
Electrical Capacitor Dilectrics, BaTiO3
Insulators
Magnetic Recording media, Fe3O4
credit cards
Optical Optical fibers Doped SiO2
Automotive Fuel cells, ZrO2,
Spark Plugs Al2O3
Mechanical Cutting tools WC-Co cermets
Biomedical Dentistry Al2O3
Domestic Tiles, sanitary ware, Clay, Alumina,
pottery, Jewelry diamond
CERMET
What are cermets?
Ceramic plus metal = cermet. It's really that simple! Why would you want to combine a
metal and a ceramic? Metals, though versatile, aren't capable of withstanding the incredibly
high temperatures you typically encounter in airplane jet engines or space rockets.
Ceramics are brilliant at high temperatures and able to resist attack by chemicals and things
like oxygen in the air, but their sheer inertness means they're just pretty boring most of the
time. Brilliant for teapots and false teeth, but fairly hopeless when it comes to doing
interesting things like conducting electricity or heat or bending and flexing. If you want
something that can survive in really tough environments and still behave in interesting
ways, you need to switch your attention to things like alloys, composites—and cermets.
Cermets
Electrical components are one application. Because they can get extremely hot, they need to
behave like ceramics but, since they also need to conduct electricity, it helps if they work like
metals. Cermets offer a perfect solution in components such as resistors and vacuum tubes
(valves). Crudely, we can think of cermet resistors as a mixture of an insulator (the ceramic
matrix) and a conductor (the metal particles), with the type and relative proportions of the two
"ingredients" (ceramic and metal) determining the ultimate resistance.