ONE DIMENSIONAL

KINEMATICS
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Explain the concepts of displacement,
speed and velocity and acceleration in
describing motion in one dimension with
graphical analysis(CO1)
2. Solve problems involving kinematic
quantities for one dimensional translational
motion (CO2)
3. Explain uniformly accelerated rectilinear
motion (CO1)
4. Use equations of kinematics for constant
acceleration when solving problems (CO2)
 Kinematics: Description of
Motion

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 Distance and Speed: Scalar Quantities
One-Dimensional Displacement and Velocity:
Vector Quantities
Acceleration
Kinematic Equations (Constant Acceleration)
Free Fall

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 2.1 Distance and Speed: Scalar
Quantities
Distance is the path length traveled from one
location to another. It will vary depending on the
path.
Distance is a scalar quantity—it is described
only by a magnitude.

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 2.1 Distance and Speed: Scalar
Quantities

Average speed is the distance traveled divided

by the elapsed time:

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 2.1 Distance and Speed: Scalar
Quantities
Since distance is a scalar, speed is also a scalar
(as is time).
Instantaneous speed is the speed measured
over a very short time span. This is what a
speedometer reads.

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2.2 One-Dimensional Displacement and
Velocity: Vector Quantities

A vector has both magnitude

and direction. Manipulating
vectors means defining a
coordinate system, as shown in
the diagrams to the left.

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 2.2 One-Dimensional Displacement
and Velocity: Vector Quantities
Displacement is a vector that points from the
initial position to the final position of an
object.

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 2.2 One-Dimensional Displacement
and Velocity: Vector Quantities
Note that an object’s position coordinate may
be negative, while its velocity may be positive;
the two are independent.

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2.2 One-Dimensional Displacement and
Velocity: Vector Quantities

For motion in a straight line with no

reversals, the average speed and the
average velocity are the same.
Otherwise, they are not; indeed, the average
velocity of a round trip is zero, as the total
displacement is zero!

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 2.2 One-Dimensional Displacement
and Velocity: Vector Quantities
Different ways of visualizing uniform velocity:

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 2.2 One-Dimensional Displacement
and Velocity: Vector Quantities

This object’s velocity

is not uniform. Does it
ever change direction,
or is it just slowing
down and speeding
up?

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 Graphical Representation
 A car is driving down the road
 As the car passes the blue dot, we start our clock and record its
position in regular time intervals.

© W. Bauer and G.D. Westfall © W. Bauer and G.D. Westfall © W. Bauer and G.D. Westfall

Case 1: Constant speed Case 2: Speeding up Case 3: Coming to a halt

December 18, 2019 Chapter 2 15

A cheetah is crouched in ambush 20 m to the east of an observer’s blind. At time t = 0
the cheetah charges an antelope in a clearing 50 m east of the observer. The cheetah
runs along a straight line. Later analysis of a videotape shows that during the first 2.0
s of the attach, the cheetah’s x coordinate varies with time according to the equation x
= 20 m + (5.0 m/s2)t2. (Note that the units for the numbers 20 and 5.0 must be shown
to make the expression dimensionally consistent.)
a. Find the displacement of the cheetah during the interval between t1 = 1.0 s and t2
= 2.0 s.
b. Find the average velocity during the same time interval
c. Find the instantaneous velocity at time t1 = 1.0 s by taking Δt = 0.1 s, then Δt =
0.01s , then Δt = 0.001 s
d. Derive a general expression for the instantaneous velocity as a function of time
and from it find υ at t1 = 1.0 s and t2 = 2.0 s.
 2.3 Acceleration

Acceleration is the rate at which velocity

changes.

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 2.3 Acceleration
Acceleration means that the speed of an object
is changing, or its direction is, or both.

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 2.3 Acceleration

Acceleration may result in an

object either speeding up or
slowing down (or simply
changing its direction).

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 Motion Graphs
• Physlet Physics Animation
 2.3 Acceleration
If the acceleration is constant, we can find the
velocity as a function of time:

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 2.4 Kinematic Equations
(Constant Acceleration)
Substitution gives:

and:

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 2.4 Kinematic Equations
(Constant Acceleration)
These are all the equations we have derived for
constant acceleration. The correct equation for a
problem should be selected considering the
information given and the desired result.

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Acceleration

Example 3 Acceleration and Increasing Velocity

Determine the average acceleration of the plane.

 
vo  0 m s v  260 km h to  0 s t  29 s

 
 v  v o 260 km h  0 km h km h
a   9.0
t  to 29 s  0 s s
Acceleration
 Acceleration
Example 3 Acceleration and Decreasing
Velocity

 
 v  v o 13 m s  28 m s
a   5.0 m s 2
t  to 12 s  9 s
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration

x  vot  at 1
2
2

 6.0 m s 8.0 s   1
2 2.0 m s 8.0 s
2 2

 112 m
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration

Example 6 Catapulting
a Jet

Find its displacement. vo  0 m s a  31 m s 2

x  ?? v  62 m s
Acceleration
 Summary of Chapter 2

Motion involves a change in position; it may

be expressed as the distance (scalar) or
displacement (vector).
A scalar has magnitude only; a vector has
magnitude and direction.
Average speed (scalar) is distance traveled
divided by elapsed time.
Average velocity (vector) is displacement
divided by total time.

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 Summary of Chapter 2
Instantaneous velocity is evaluated at a
particular instant.
Acceleration (vector) is the time rate of change
of velocity.

Kinematic equations for

constant acceleration:

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