GROUP 4

LECTURE 5 – WATERSHED MANAGAMENT AND

ENGINEERING INTERVENTION (PART 2)
COMBINED GRAVITY AND PUMPING
SYSTEM
ELEVATED STORAGE RESERVOIRS
(OVERHEAD TANKS)
• MOST COMMON SYSTEM

• TREATED WATER IS PUMPED AND STORED IN AN ELEVATED

DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIR

• SUPPLIES TO CONSUMER BY ACTION OF GRAVITY

• THE EXCESS WATER DURING LOW DEMAND PERIODS GET STORES IN

RESERVOIRAND GET SUPPLIED DURING HIGH DEMAND PERIOD

• ECONOMICAL, EFFICIENT AND RELIABLE SYSTEM

DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIRS
• ALSO CALLED SERVICE RESERVOIRS

• ARE STORAGE RESERVOIRS

• STORE TREATED WATER FOR SUPPLYING WATER DURING

EMERGENCIES

• HELP IN ABSORBING THE HOURLY FLUCTUATIONS IN THE NORMAL

WATER DEMAND
FUNCTIONS OF DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIRS
• TO ABSORB THE HOURLY VARIATIONS IN DEMAND

• TO MAINTAIN CONSTANT PRESSURE IN THE DISTRIBUTION MAINS

• WATER STORED CAN BE SUPPLIED DURING EMERGENCIES

LOCATION AND HEIGHT OF DISTRIBUTION
RESERVOIRS
• SHOULD BE LOCATED AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO THE CENTER OF

DEMAND

• WATER LEVEL IN THE RESERVOIR MUST BE AT A SUFFICIENT

ELEVATION TO PERMIT GRAVITY FLOW AT AN ADEQUATE PRESSURE

TYPES OF RESERVOIRS TANK
REINFORCED CONCRETE TANKS
• LONG LIFE

• LITTLE MAINTENANCE
GALVANIZED IRON TANKS
• SHORT LIFESPAN

• CORROSION PROBLEMS

• HIGH MAINTENANCE COST

HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLYN TANK
• Useful for residential purposes
• Low storage capacity
• Cheap and easy maintenance
• Light weight
PARTS OF DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIR
• Balancing storage – the quantity of water required to be stored in the
reservoir to meet public demand.
• Breakdown storage or emergency storage – preserved in order to tied over
the emergencies posed by different types of failure.(25% of the whole storage)
• Fire storage – for fire emergency purposes.
GROUND WATER RESOURCES DEVT. AND
UTILIZATION
• Ground water resources
• Has been a source of drinking water and irrigation since the beginning of time.
• It is the most important natural resources because of physiological needs of man, animal and
plant.
• It not only support life on earth, but also governs the economic, industrial and agricultural growth of
the nation.
water is also used – domestic, pollution control, recreation, maintenance of aquatic life, power
generation and navigation that related to the economic, mental and physical health of the world’s
population.
GROUND WATER IRRIGATION
• Provides for the maximum control on the supply of irrigation water to precisely
meet the requirement of the crops.
GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT
• Is usually through open wells in hard rock regions and tube wells in alluvial
formation.

Pumping from streams, rivers and canals usually offer an under-exploited

resource for irrigation and domestic water supply in the developing countries.
GROUND-WATER SYSTEM
• consist of mass of water flowing through the pores or cracks below the Earth’s
surface.
• each ground-water system is unique because of the amount of water flowing
through the system dependent upon the factor of the rate of
precipitation/evapotranspiration, location of streams and other surface-water
bodies.
GROUND-WATER SYSTEM
• the one common factor for all ground-water systems, however is the total
amount of water entering, leaving and being stored in the system is must be
conserved.
• Water budget – an accounting of all the inflows, outflows, and changes in
storage.
• Some hydrologists believe that a pre-development water budget
for a ground-water system (that is a water budget for the natural
conditions before humans used the water) can be used to
calculate the amount of water available for the consumption (or
the safe yield). In this case, the development of a ground-water
system is considered to be “safe” if the rate of ground-water
withdrawal does not exceed the rate of natural recharge. This
concept has been referred to as the “Water-Budget Myth”
(Bredehoeft and others, 1982). It is a myth because it is an
oversimplification of the information that is needed to
understand the effects of developing a ground-water system. As
human activities change the system.
• Understanding water budgets and how they change in response
to human activities is an important aspect of ground-water
hydrology, however, as we shall see, a predevelopment water
budget by itself is of limited value in determining the amount of
ground water that can be withdrawal on a sustained basis.
WHAT DOES GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT
INVOLVES?
• If good supplies of groundwater can’t be found everywhere –
for example, if the local aquifers are low permeability and/
or complex, or there are groundwater quality issues – the
new boreholes and wells must be sited and designed
carefully if they are to be successful. To do this, its
important to understand how groundwater exists and behaves
in the area.
Borehole
• Is a narrow shaft bored in the ground, either
vertically or horizontally. A borehole may be
constructed for many different purposes,
including the extraction of water, other liquids
(such as petroleum) or gases (such as natural
gas), as part of a geotechnical investigation,
environmental site assessment, mineral
exploration, temperature measurement, as a pilot
hole for installing piers or underground utilities,
for geothermal installations, or for underground
storage of unwanted substances, e.g in carbon
capture and storage.
This are the main stages of a groundwater exploration program which
will allow you to assess groundwater resources
• Reconnaissance – gathering maps and information's on geological and
hydrogeological conditions. This is essential first step for understanding groundwater
resources.
• Sitting borehole and wells; hydrogeological fieldwork – assessing the groundwater
potential of an experienced eye, examining local rocks and geomorphology;
discussions with local communities on traditional water resources. This helps to
‘ground-truth’ the information gathered from the reconnaissance.
• Sitting borehole and wells; geophysical surveying – resistivity or electromagnetics
(EM) techniques. Must be combined with reconnaissance data and hydrogeological
fieldwork. It is important to analyze geophysical data correctly so that it give good
information. Investment in the training staff is often beneficial.
• Collecting information during borehole drilling – gathering information
on geology and hydrogeology. Borehole drilling is an unique opportunity
to collect useful geological and hydrogeological data from deep
groundwater.
• Assessing source yield – assessing the sustainable yield of a borehole/
well by carrying out a pumping test. It is important to measure how much
the source will yield sustainably in order to know how many people it can
serve.
• Assessing water quality – measuring the most important chemical and
biological parameters that can impact human health.
GROUNDWATER AND CONSERVATION
• Groundwater resources have always played a critical role in meeting the water
demands of traditionally water-short areas of the world. There, sooner than
elsewhere, governments have asserted themselves as guardians of the
precious resource, and have restrained the indiscriminate excavation of
boreholes and wells. This trend is taking hold elsewhere in the world,
particularly as a result of groundwater's role as a source of high-quality water
for priority uses, and as a result of the threat to such role from indiscriminate
pumping and from pollution. As a result, the government tends everywhere to
substitute itself for the landowner in the latter's traditional role of master of the
waters lying under his land, and government-administered regulatory
legislation tends to replace property-minded doctrines and court-administered
tortious litigation between adjoining well owners as a legal frame of reference
for managing groundwater resources.
WHAT IS WASTE WATER?
• “Wastewater”, also known as “sewage”, originates from household waste,
human and animal waste, industrial wastewater, storm runoff, and
groundwater infiltration. Wastewater, basically, is the flow of used water from
community.
DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER AND STORMRWATER
• Stormwater can ordinarily be disposed of by discharged into any natural
drainage channel.

The most satisfactory method of disposal of sanitary sewage is to convey it

to an adequate public sewerage system. In areas which do not have public
sewerage systems, individual disposal system must be provided. These will
vary in size from septic tank system for private residences to large treatment
planrs handling the wastewaters from large institutions and industries.
SEWER SYSTEMS
• Sewers are underground conduits to convey wastewater and storm water to a
treatment plant or to carry storm water to the point of disposal.

Sewers can be classified into three categories:

1. Sanitary
2. Storm
3. combined
SEPARATED SEWER SYSTEM
• Separated sewer consist of sanitary sewers and storm water sewer networks
separately. Sanitary sewers carry a mixture of household and commercial
sewage, industrial wastewater, water from ground-water infiltration/inflow,
basement and foundation drainage connections, and cross-connections
between sanitary sewers and storm water drainage. Separated sanitary
sewers should be free of storm water, but they seldom are.

• Storm sewers are commonly buried pipes that conveys storm drainage. They
may include open channel elements and culverts, particularly when drainage
areas are large
HOW THE SEWERAGE SYSTEM
WORKS
DISPOSAL
• Each year, more than 320,000 million liters of sewage enters the system
through a network of underground pipes. The sewage comes from homes as
well as business. Businesses need permission to use the sewers because
their trade waste is more contaminated.
TRANSFER
• Sewage then enters one of three larger trunk sewers. these slope downwards
so gravity help the sewage flow. Eventually, pumping stations push it up to
ground level to be processed at treatment plant or continue its journey thriugh
the sewerage system -- which can take up to 12 hours.
TREATMENT
• Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater,
primarily from household sewage. Physical, chemical, and biological
processes are used to remove contaminants and produce treated wastewater
(or treated effluent) that is safer for the environment. A by-product of sewage
treatment is usually a semi-solid waste or slurry, called sewage sludge. The
sludge has to undergo further treatment before being suitable for disposal or
application to land.
DRAINAGE DEFINITION
• Drainage is the method of
removing surface or sub-
surface water from a given
area. Drainage system iclude
all of the piping within a private
or public property that coneys
sewage, rainwaterm and other
liquid waste to a point of
disposal.
DRAINAGE STRUCTURES DEFINITION
• Drainage structure means a device composed of a virtually non-erodible
material such as concrete, steel, plastic or other such material that conveys
water from one place to another by intercepting the flow and carrying it to a
release point for storm water management, drainage control or flood control
purposes.
BRIEF HISTORY OF DRAINAGE
• The ancient Indus of sewerage and drainage that were developed and used in
cities throughout the civilization were far more advanced than any found in
contemporary urban cities in the Middle East and even more efficient than
those in some areas of the Indian Subcontinent today. All houses in the major
cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro had access to water and drainage
facilities. Wastewater was directed to covered gravity sewers, which lined the
major streets.
18TH AND 19TH CENTURY
• The invention of hollow-pipe
drainage is credited to Sir Hugh
Dalrymple, who died in 1753.