The double helix model

Building blocks in protein synthesis:

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (genetic material) &
RNA Ribonucleic acid (produced in nucleus and move to cytoplasm where it participate in protein synthesis)
Molecular Genetics: study of information stored in DNA codes for RNA and protein synthesis
Nucleotide: DNA and RNA are made up of large molecule units called nucleotide.
Composition nucleotide: nitrogen containing organic base either double ring (Purine) or single ring (pyrimidine).
Also contain pentose (five carbon) sugar and phosphate group.
DNA Replication
Slide 1 CONTINUE
• Difference:
1 both DNA and RNA contain the purine bases adenine and guanine
and pyrimidine base cytosine. The second pyrimidine in DNA is
thymine whereas in RNA is Uracil.
2 difference is presence of pentose sugar
Pentose of DNA is deoxyribose while in RNA it is ribose.
3 DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.
Component of nucleic acid
1 st CONTINUE
DNA is ladder like consist of alternating sugar phosphate group
Adenine (a purine) is hydrogen bonded to its complement thymine (a
pyrimidine) & guanine(a purine) to cytosine (a pyrimdine)
Two strands of DNA has opposite polarity and the DNA molecule is said
to be antiparallel
The entire molecule is twisted into a right handed helix,with one
complete spiral every 10 base pairs.
Structure of DNA
DNA Replication in Eukaryokaryotes
During DNA replication, each DNA strand is a template for a new a
strand.
The pairing requirments b/w purine and pyrimidine bases dictate the
positioning of nucleotide in a new strand. Thus each new DNA
molecule contains one strand from old DNA molecule and one newly
synthesized strand. Because half of old molecule is conserved in the
new molecule , DNA replication is said to be semiconservative.
Genes in Action
• Gene: sequence of bases in DNA that codes for the synthesis of one
polypeptide.
• Transcription: synthesis of RNA molecule from DNA
• Translation: formation of a protein from the RNA at the ribosome
Three major kind of RNA
• Messenger RNA (mRNA):
is a linear strand that carries a set of genetic instructions for
synthesizing proteins to the cytoplasm.
• Transfer RNA (tRNA):
pick up aminoacids in the cytoplasm carries them to carries them to
ribosome and help position them for incorporation into a polypeptide.
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA):
along with protein makes up ribosomes.
Transcription
• Important coenzyme of process is RNA Polymerase.
• Process:
After a section o DNA is unwound, RNA polymerase recognizes a
specific sequence of DNA nucleotde.
RNA polymerase attaches and begin joining ribose nucleotide which
are complementary to the 3 end of the DNA strand.
In RNA uracil replces thymine
Newly transcribed mRNA , called the primary transcript, must be
modified before leaving the nucleus to carry out protein synthesis.
Transcription
Translation
• Is protein synthesis at the ribosome in the cytoplasm, based on the
genetic information in the transcribed mRNA.
• Another type of RNA, called transfer RNA is important in translation
process
• The center loop has a sequence of three unpaired bases called
anticodon.
Genetic code