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What is Political
Science?
 Psychology
 Sociology
 Demography
What is
Political
Science?
 Political Science is the study
of politics comes from the
Greek word.
“Politea”
or the person who participate in
polis means
taking part in its decision making
Nakikibahagi sa paggawa ng desisyon
Engagement in polis means
taking part in its decision
making which normally takes
place in the “Agora”
The market place or the gathering
place
 where new laws are passed or
disseminated under scrutiny of the
entire community

“Disseminated” “Scrutiny”
“Ikalat” ang “masusing pagsisiyasat”
of the entire community
It has to be noted though that
engagement in the political
decision making in polis is only
limited to Greek men
 Politics
is the process of using
power in the government

Power
the government to rule the
people.
Aristotle’s Book entitled Politics is considered a
pioneer in the field of political inquiry It delves in
the topic of government and the leaders behind it

It also talks about concept of justice and slavery.

The book makes the connection between the

happiness and virtue of the political community to
people’s participation in politics.

His analysis on the causes of revolution and what

prevents it have John Stuart Mill
Locke’s known work Two Treatise of Government
(1689)

Discusses the concept of representive government

and the people’s right to revolution.

John Stuart Mill also wrote on the topic of

representative government with his book .
Consideration on Representative Government
(1861)
Political Science as an academic discipline
separate from history was only established after
the Second World War in American universities as
well as in a number of European universities.

Even in Central and Eastern Europe, it was only

after the decline of the Socialist regime in the
1990s and only under the newly installed
democratic regimes when political science as a
desciplines was developed
Psychology
 Psychology
It is the interest of society to
understand how its people think and
why they behave in a certain way.

This is where psychology comes in.

It is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

This includes the physical state and how this all relates to the
environment of the individual.
It comes from Greek word “Psyche” meaning “soul” or “spirit”
and “logos” meaning “study”
Psychology
is divided into three major fields:

Clinical,
Development,
Experimental
Psychology
is divided into three major fields:

Clinical Psychology
Asseses and finds
treatment for people
with psychological
disorder
 Psychology
is divided into three major fields:

Developmental
Psychology
Studies the intellectual, social,
emotional, and moral development
across lifespan. The focuses maybe
narrowed down to a specific period in
life like early childhood or preadolescent.
Psychology
==
Finds application in addressing
issues like Suicide and criminal
behavior.
The German psychologist
Wilheim Wundt is considered
as the
Father of Modern Psychology
 Psychology
==
Wilheim Wundt
He is credited for being the first in the
movement to make psychology a
science.
He also conducted the first true
experiment laboratory in psychology.
His major contribution to the field in Grundzuge der
physologischen Psychologie (The Principle of Psychological
Psychology, 1873).
Psychology
==
Wilheim Wundt
In his lifetime, he was able to conduct
research on a wide array of topics
which includes spiritualism, ethics,
animals physiology, and even poisons.
Other important names on the
discipline are William James and
Sigmund Freud.
 Psychology
==
William James studied the concept of
Functionalism, which analyzes the
function or purpose of behavior and
not simply description.
Functionalism studies how specific behavior help addapt to
environment. One of his major work is Principle of
Psychology (1890). Sigmund Freud is known for his
psychoanalytic personality theory, which devides the
personality into id, ego.

He also wrote the theory on the psychosexual stage of

development.
Sociology
 Sociology

It is the systematic study of human

society.

It comes from Latin word “socios”

meaning “friend” or “companion
and the Greek word “logos” meaning “Study.”
 Sociology
Sociology studies how people relate to
each other and how they work as a
whole in the large society.

The sociological perspective sees the general in the particular.

“We begin to think sociologically [When we realize] how the
general categories into which we fall shape our particular life
experiences.”
(Macionis, 2006, 2) Social rules of behavior, societal
expectation, and norms guide an individual’s actions,
thoughts, and feelings.
 Sociology
Sociology was born as a result of
powerfull and complex economic and
social forces.

The industrial revolution created massive change not just in the

field of technology and in the way goods are manufactured, but
also in the work and living pattern of the people.

Factory life pulled people away from their homes, changed their
work schedules, and weakened their family.

It has drawn more people to the cities causing problem

associated with urbanization.
 Sociology
The new issues that confronted
people at that time required a new
way of thinking.

It was the French social thinker Auguste Compte

who coined the word sociology in 1838 to encapsulate the

idea of improving society by understanding how it operates.
 Sociology
Some of his works include the Course
on Positive Philosophy (1830-1842,
six volumes, translated and
condensed by Harriet Martineau as
The Positve Philosophy of Auguste
Compte) and the System of Positive
Polity, or Treatise on Sociology,
Instituting theReligion of Humanity,
(1851-1854, four volumes).

Other well-known sociologist are Jane Addams and Harriet

Martineau is regarded as the first woman sociologist
Demography
 Demography
Demography is the study of human
population.
It comes from two ancient Greek
words“demos”meaning “the people”

and“graphos”meaning “charting or mapping”

The discipline also studies how people move from place to
place.

The main source of data are census and other vital statistics.

Some basic demographic concept include fertility, morality,

migration, and population growth.
 Demography
“The study of human population
begins with how many people are
born.
Fertility is the incidence of child
bearing in a country’s population”
Fertility is measured using crude birth rate or the number of
live birth for every 1000 people in a population.
Population is also affected by morality, or the incidence of
death in a country’s population.
Morality is measured using crude date rate, or the number of
deaths for every 1000 in a population.
 Demography
Another factor that affects
population size is migration.

This is the movement of people into

out of a particular territory.
Population growth rate is simply the difference between the
crude birth rate and the crude death rate.
The issue if population has been of interest to scholars even
during Ancient Period.
Kautilya, a contemporary of Plato, commented in his
Arthashastra that a large population is a source of military,
political and economic strength and nation.
 Demography
The same Idea is espoused by Ibn Khaldin,
a fourteenth century Arab historian, who
contended that a dense population
growth is generally favourable to the
maintenance and increase of imperial
power.
This thinking has been reversed in later times when an
increase in population growth is seem as a bane to
developing societies.
One of the earliest demographers is Edmond Halley. He was
the first scientist to study a person’s likehood of death as he
or she passes through different age groups.
 Demography
He also wrote a book entitled

An estimate of the degree of the

morality of mankind,

drawn from the curious table of the birth and funerals at

the city of Breslaw: with an attempt to ascertain the price of
annuities uppon lives (1753). Another familiar name in this and
who has already been mentioned in subtopic Economics is
Thomas Malthus
 Demography
Thomas Malthus
The discipline economics highlighted in
his book.

An Essay on the Principle of

Population (1798)
its main area of inquiry, which is scarity of resources.
Demography
On the other hand, highlights its main area of inquiry which is
population growth rate, and which Malthus believes to be
growing in a geometric progression.