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Orthographic Projections
Introducing Orthographic
Projections as the language of
engineering designers
Orthographic Projections
• Orthographic projections are an engineer’s
language for conveying the shape and size
information about the products he designs.
• An orthographic projection consists of the
view obtained view when the object is viewed
from very far away, so that the resulting rays
are all parallel.
• The parallel rays that are used for
constructing the views are called projectors.
Orthographic Projections
Object
For the Top view we view from the top!
Viewing
Direction
Picture
Plane
Viewing
Direction
Projectors
Perpendicular
to picture
plane
Intersections of all
extreme points
Top View
Similarly, viewing from the
front with parallel projectors
Front View
Top & Front Views
on opening up the page
Notice the
interrelation
Similarly, the
Right Side View
In first angle,
picture plane
behind the object
Opening up of the box with the various views in III angle
The relationship on plane paper of the various
views in III angle
Top
View
Top
View
Principles of Multi-View Drawings
Front
Top View
Front View
Top View
Front
Front View
Drawing three views in III angle
Mitre
Top View
Front
Front View
Front
Front
X
X X
X X
X X
X
Notice that the oblique face of the cylinder
appears as an ellipse in right-side view, but as
lines in the front view.
Front
Hidden Features
Hidden Features
B
Projection of Lines
• A line may be projected in its true
length
• A line may be fore-shortened
• A line may have a point as its projection
Meaning of Areas in
Orthographic Views
B B
Foreshortened Surface
Surface in True shape
Meaning of Areas in
Orthographic Views
C C D D
C D
(Surface Limit)
Meaning of Lines in Orthographic Views
Another Example
We next illustrate how to read the
orthographic drawings. This is done
by interpreting the three view to
‘draw’ the represented by those
view.
Reading Lines & Areas
3
6 2
7 1
Start with a cuboid
3
1 2
5 4
?
Missing Line Exercises
Missing Line Exercises
Missing Line Exercises
Sectional Views
Sectional Views
Too complicated
to interpret
Sectional Views
•A portion of the part is cut away to reveal the
interior.
•For this purpose a cutting plane is employed.
The shape of the object is clarified by
distinguishing between the areas where the
cutting plane actually cuts the solid material
and the areas where it meets voids.
•Wherever the cutting plane cuts the solid
material, the area is hatched
Sectional Views
A
The structure of this
pulley becomes
clearer if we imagine
the pulley is cut at the
meridian plane, the
material to the left of
the cutting plane is
A
removed and a
projection viewing
from the left is drawn.
Sectional Views
Cutting Plane
5/4 ream