1.

0: PROPERTIES OF MATTER

1.4: Heat and Temperature

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 ENABLING OBJECTIVES
1. Explain heat and temperature:
1.1 Differentiate between heat and temperature
1.2 Describe Celsius and Kelvin scales of temperature on
Kelvin scale and vice versa
2. Describe sensible heat:
2.1 Explain sensible heat
2.2 Define specific heat capacity
3. Describe latent heat:
3.1 Explain latent heat
3.2 Define specific latent heat of fusion and specific latent
heat of vaporization
3.3 Solve simple problems related to specific latent heat

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

HEAT
A measure of the change in
the total energy of a body.
Unit: Joules (J).
Measures kinetic energy (KE)
& potential energy (PE).
TEMPERATURE
A measure of the degree of
hotness and coldness of a
body.
Unit: Celsius ( C )
Measure kinetic energy (KE)
only.

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CELSIUS AND KELVIN SCALES
SCALES CELSIUS KELVIN
DEGREE UNIT C K
ABSOLUTE ZERO -273 C 0K
BOILING POINT 100 C 373 K
MELTING / FREEZING POINT 0 C 273 K

•All temperature in degree Celsius can be easily

expressed in Kelvins by adding 273.
•Melting point (0 C ) becomes 0 + 273 = 273 K.
•Boiling point (100 C ) becomes 100 + 273 = 373 K.

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 CLASSWORK:
1. The lowest air temperature recorded in the world is 184 K. This temperature was
measured in Antarctica in 1983. What is the temperature in degree Celsius?
2. The room temperature is found to be 27 C . What is the temperature in Kelvins?

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 SENSIBLE HEAT & SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

Specific Heat Capacity, c:

Sensible Heat, Q:
The amount of thermal energy required
The amount of heat gained or lost
to raise the temperature of one unit
by a body resulting in a change in
mass of the material by 1 K or 1 C
temperature.
Unit: Jkg 1 K 1
 Q
c Jkg 1 C 1
m
Q - the amount of sensible heat gained or lost by the c - the specific heat capacity of the material
body Q - the thermal energy
m - the mass of the body m - the mass of the material
c - the specific capacity of the material  - the temperature change
 - the temperature change

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SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY OF MATERIALS

MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

Jkg 1 C Jg 1 C

Aluminium 900 0.90

Brass 380 0.38
Copper 400 0.40
Glass 670 0.67
Ice 2100 2.1
Iron 460 0.46
Lead 130 0.13
Mercury 140 0.14
Water 4200 0.42
Zinc 390 0.39

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 CLASSWORK:
1. What is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 2 kg of copper from
30 C to 80 C , given that the specific heat capacity of copper is 400 Jkg 1 C 1 ?
2. A piece of copper with mass of 2.5 kg is heated from 40C to 90C . 50 000 J of thermal
energy is needed. Calculate the specific heat capacity of copper.

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 LATENT HEAT:
The amount of heat absorbed (gained) or released
(lost) by a substance undergoing a change of
state, at constant temperature and pressure.
EXAMPLE:
Change of state of matter (phase transition)
(Ice water steam).

Q Q
Lf  Lv 
m m

Latent Heat of Fusion, Lf Latent Heat of Vaporisation, Lv

(melting or freezing):
The amount of heat energy needed to
change one unit mass of the substance
from solid to liquid without any change of
temperature.
Unit: Jkg-1
(boiling or condensing):
The amount of heat energy needed to
change one unit mass of the substance
from liquid to gas without any change of
temperature.
Unit: Jkg-1
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 PHASE TRANSITION
F

D E

B C

AB BC CD DE EF
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 CLASSWORK:
3. An ice cream has a mass of 150 g. If the specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 340 J/Kg,
find the heat required to melt the ice cream.
4. A heater supplies 1.02 x 106 of heat energy, is completely immersed in a 3 kg block of
ice at 0⁰C. The block of ice melts completely after heating. Calculate the value of
specific latent heat of fusion of ice.
5. A 0.5 kg of aluminium requires 189 000 J of heat energy to liquefied the mass of
aluminium. During this process, the temperature remains constant at 660⁰C. What is
the specific latent heat of fusion of the aluminium?
6. Given that the specific latent heat of vaporisation of oxygen is 2.14 x 105 J kg-1, how
much heat will be absorbed when 3.0 kg of oxygen is boiled off at its boiling point?

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 COOLING CURVE
•The cooling curve of naphthalene is shown below.
•As the liquid naphthalene cools, it loses its energy to the surroundings and its temperature falls (curve
AB), until it reaches 80C .
•At point B, the naphthalene begins to solidify. Although it is still losing energy to the surroundings, its
temperature remains constant (straight line BC), until all the naphthalene has solidified. This
temperature is the freezing point of naphthalene.
•When naphthalene melts, it takes in energy from the boiling water but its temperature remains
constant at the melting point, until all of it has melted.
•The energy that is absorbed without any change in temperature is called the latent heat of fusion.

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 HEATING CURVE
•Water is being heated in a boiling tube at room temperature until it boils.
•The heating curve for water is shown below.
•The graph shows the temperature becomes constant when water boils and this is the
boiling point of water.
•The energy gained without any rise in temperature is called the latent heat of vaporisation
of water.
•When steam condenses, it releases its latent heat of vaporisation.

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