Lecture7 2011

Faculty of Engineering
Fluid Mechanics
Lecture 7
Dr. Hasan Hamouda
Fluid properties
Pressure
Force
pressure 
Area over which the force is applied
F
p Units: Newton's per square meter
A
Pascal’s Law
University Of Palestine 2
Fluid Mechanics
Dr.-Eng. Hasan Hamouda
Fluid properties
Fluid Mechanics
Fluid properties
Fluid Mechanics
Fluid properties
Fluid Mechanics
Fluid properties
Fluid Mechanics
Vertical Variation Of Pressure
in a Fluid under Gravity
Fluid Mechanics
Example 2
Find W??
Solution
P1  P 2
F1 F2
 gh 
A1 A2
400 W
 1000  9.81 0.3 
 
4
30 10 
3 2
4

100 103 
2
W  4468 N
Fluid Mechanics
Atmospheric pressure
The atmospheric air exerts a normal pressure upon all
surfaces with which it is in contact, and it is known as
atmospheric pressure.
Fluid Mechanics
Gauge pressure
It is convenient to take atmospheric pressure as
the datum
A gauge pressure can be given using height of any fluid.
Fluid Mechanics
Example 3
Fluid Mechanics
Pressure Measurement
By Manometer
Manometers use the relationship between pressure and
Principle of flexing of an elastic member whose
deflection is directly proportional to the applied
pressure
1- Simple manometer
Fluid Mechanics
By Manometer
2-U-tube manometer
Fluid Mechanics
By Manometer
Fluid Mechanics
By Manometer
Solution
P1  P 2
Ppipe  1 gh1   2 gh2
Ppipe  0.85 103 * 9.81* 0.06  13.6 103 * 9.81* 0.16

Ppipe  20846.25 N / m 2  20.85 KN / m 2
Ppipe abs.  Ppipe  gauge   Ppipe atm.
Ppipe abs.  20.85  100  120.85 KN / m 2
Fluid Mechanics
By Manometer
U-tube manometer containing
mercury was used to find the
negative pressure in the pipe,
containing water. The right limb
was open to the atmosphere. Find
the vacuum pressure in the pipe, if
the difference of mercury level in
the two limbs was 100 mm and
height of water in the left limb
from the centre of the pipe was
found to be 40 mm below.
Fluid Mechanics
Fluid properties
P1  P 2
Ppipe  1 gh1   2 gh2  0
Ppipe  1103 * 9.81* 0.04  13.6 103 * 9.81* 0.1  0

Ppipe  13734 N / m 2  13.73 KN / m 2
Ppipe abs.  Ppipe gauge   Ppipe atm.
Ppipe abs.  13.73  100  86.27 KN / m 2
Fluid Mechanics
Advanced U-tube manometer
Fluid Mechanics
Advanced U-tube manometer
Fluid Mechanics
Single column manometers
Vertical Single manometer
The volume that move from x-x to z-z datum
= the volume that rise in right tube above x-x datum
V1=V2
P1  P 2
P  1 g (h1  h)   2 g (h2  h)
a a
P  1 g (h1  h2 )   2 g (h2  h2 )
A A
a
is very small
A
 P   2 g (h2 )  1 g (h1 )
Fluid Mechanics
Inclined single column manometers
This type of manometers is useful for the measurement of small pressure
and is more sensitive than the vertical tube type
P1  P 2
P  1 g (h1  h)   2 g (h2  h)
a a
P  1 g (h1  h2 )   2 g (h2  h2 )
A A
a
is very small
A
 P   2 g (h2 )  1 g (h1 )
P   2 g (l sin  )  1 g (h1 )
P 
h  2 l sin   h1
1 g 1
Fluid Mechanics
Example: The inclined manometer is filled with oil that has a specific gravity of
0.85 what angle a will yield a deflection 20 cm in the inclined tube when the
air pressure in the cistern is increased 600 N/m2
Increase pressure with 600 N/m 2

 20cm in the tube
with nglecting the drop of oil
Pincrease  0.2 sin   9.81 850  600
  21.1o
Fluid Mechanics
The figure Shows a single column manometer connected to a pipe containing liquid of
Specific gravity 0.8. The ratio of area of the reservoir to that of limb is 100. Find p in the
pipe.
P1  P 2
P  800  9.81 (0.3  h)  13600  9.81 (0.5  h)
1 1
P  800  9.81(0.3  0.5)  13600  9.81(0.5  0.5)
100 100
P  2393.6  67375.1
P  64981.5
 8.28 m  of liquid
P 64981.5
h 
1 g 800  9.81
Fluid Mechanics
Differential manometers
A differential manometer is used to Measure
the difference in pressures between two points
in a pipe, or in two different pipes
At datum x - x
P1  P 2
PA   A g (h1  h)  PB   B g (h1 )   mercury gh
Fluid Mechanics
Inverted U-tube Differential 1 2

manometers
At datum x - x
P1  P 2
PA   A g (h1 )  PB   B g (h2 )  liquid gh
Fluid Mechanics
x-x
P1  P 2
PA  2 1000  9.81  19620 N/m 2
PA   A g (h1 )  PB   B g (h2 )  liquid gh

19620  1000  9.81 0.3  PB  1000  9.81 0.1  800  9.81 0.15
PB  18835 N/m 2  18.8 kN/m 2
Fluid Mechanics
General Example
The Figure shows a fuel gauge, for a gasoline
Tank in car, which reads proportional to the bottom
Gauge. The tank is 30 cm deep and accidentally
Contains1.8 cm of water in addition to the gasoline
Determine The height of air remaining at the top
when the gauge Erroneously reads full
w gasoline = 6.65 kN/m2 , w air = 0.0118 kN/m2
Pgauge  gh  wh  6.65 103  0.30  1995 N/m 2

Pgauge   water ghwater   gaso. ghgaso.   air ghair
1.995 103  1000  9.81 0.018  6.65 103 (0.3  0.018  h)  0.0118 103 h 
1.995 103  176.6  1875.3  6.65 103 h  0.0118 103 h
h  8.57 10 3 m  0.857 cm
Fluid Mechanics
General Example
The atmospheric pressure is 755 mm of mercury
(sp. Gravity = 13.6), calculate
i) Absolute pressure of air in the tank,
ii) Pressure gauge reading at L.
P1  P 2
0  Pair   mercury g (hmercury )
Pair  13.6 103 * 9.81* 0.6  80kN / m 2
Pabs  Pair  Patm. 
Patm.  0.755 *13600 * 9.81  100.73kN / m 2
Pabs  80 103  100.73  20.73kN / m 2
PL  Pair   water gh  80  103  1000 * 9.81* 2  60.38kN / m 2
Fluid Mechanics

Lecture7 2011

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Lecture7 2011

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Faculty of Engineering

A gauge pressure can be given using height of any fluid.

Ppipe  0.85 103 * 9.81* 0.06  13.6 103 * 9.81* 0.16

Ppipe  1103 * 9.81* 0.04  13.6 103 * 9.81* 0.1  0

Increase pressure with 600 N/m 2

Inverted U-tube Differential 1 2

PA   A g (h1 )  PB   B g (h2 )  liquid gh

Pgauge  gh  wh  6.65 103  0.30  1995 N/m 2

S-ar putea să vă placă și