Sampling

Sampling
• Analog signal is sampled every TS seconds.
• Tsis referred to as the samplinginterval.
• fs = 1/Ts is called the sampling rate or sampling frequency.
•There are 3 sampling methods:
– Impulse (ideal) sampling - an impulse at each samplinginstant

– Natural sampling - a pulse of short width withvarying

amplitude

– Flat-top sampling - sample and hold, like natural but with

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single amplitude value.

Impulse (Ideal) Sampling
Time Domain Frequency Domain

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 Spectrum of Impulse Sampling

The spectrum of the impulse

sampled waveform
 Impulse Sampling
with increasing sampling frequency

Sampled waveform Sampled waveform

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Sampled waveform Sampled waveform

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 Natural sampling
• Natural sampling is performed by
multiplying w(t) by a train of pulses:

ws (t)  w(t) s(t)

where


 t  kTs 
s(t)     
P
k 

• Natural sampling takes a slice

of the waveform and the topof
the slice preserves the shapeof
the waveform.

PAM using Natural sampling

 Spectrum of Natural Sampling
• The spectrum (F.T) of the natural sampled signal canbe
derived as follows:
Proof

w s (t)  w(t)st 
Reading
ONLY

Taking Fourier Transform :

W s (f)  W(f)* F.T st
  t  kTs


W s (f)  W(f)* F.T   P  
k   τ 
 Spectrum of Natural Sampling (Cont.)
From signals and systems, the Fourier transform of
the periodic pulse is
Then we have: Proof
Reading
ONLY

τ  nτ 
W s (f)  W(f)*  sinc   δ f  nf s 
n Ts  Ts 

τ  nτ 
  sinc   [W(f)* δ f  nf s ]
n Ts  Ts 
 Spectrum of Natural Sampling (Cont.)

Proof Periodic
Reading
ONLY W(f)
Using the shifting property of the Delta Function

τ  nτ 
W s(f)   sinc  W  f  nf s 
n Ts  Ts 

Constant for each n

(not depend on the f)&
discrete
 Spectrum of Natural Sampling (Cont.)
 τ  nτ 
W s(f)   sinc W  f  nfs 
T
n s  Ts 
MAGNITUDE SPECTRUM of analog signal

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Magnitude of W(f)
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
f
MAGNITUDE SPECTRUM of NATURAL SAMPLED P AM signal
0.3

0.25
Magnitude of Ws(f)

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05
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 Flat-Top Sampling
• Easy to implement
using sample
and hold operation.

• Flat top sampling takes a slice

of the waveform but cuts off the
top of the slicehorizontally.
The top of the slicedoes
not preserve the shape
of the waveform.

Pulse Amplitude Modulation using

Flat Top sampling
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 Spectrum of Flat TopSampling
Proof in
Appendix
Reading
ONLY


W s (f)  sinc f 


Ts
 W(f - kf
k 
s )

Variable
continuously Periodic
with f W(f)
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Comm 502: Communication Theory
 Spectrum of Flat TopSampling
 
W s(f)  sinc f   W(f - kf s )
Ts k
MAGNITUDE SPECTRUM of analog signal

Magnitude of W(f)
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
f
MAGNITUDE SPECTRUM of Flat-topped SAMPLED PAM signal
20
Magnitude of Ws(f)

15

10

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